Glutamate aggrecanase inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to modulators of metalloproteinase activity.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/697,590 filed on Jul. 11, 2005, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

Throughout this application, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein.

This patent disclosure contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves any and all copyright rights whatsoever.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compounds and their use as, for example, metalloproteinase inhibitors.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Metalloproteinases, including matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanases, are known to have a role in the breakdown of connective tissue. Matrix metalloproteinases (“MMPs”) constitute a superfamily of proteolytic enzymes that are genetically related and capable of degrading almost all the constituents of extracellular matrix and basement membrane that restrict cell movement. Aggrecanases are members of the ADAMTS (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) family of proteins. Aggrecanase-1 and aggrecanase-2 have been designated ADAMTS-4 and ADAMTS-5, respectively (Tang B L, Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2001, 33, 33-44).

The ADAMTS family is involved in cleaving aggrecan, a cartilage component also known as the large aggregating chondroitin sulphate proteoglycan (Abbaszade I et al., J Biol Chem 1999, 274, 23443-23450), procollagen processing (Colige A et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94, 2374-2379), angiogenesis (Vazquez F et al., J Biol Chem 1999, 274, 23349-23357), inflammation (Kuno K et al., J Biol Chem 1997, 272, 556-562) and tumor invasion (Masui T. et al., J Biol Chem 1997, 272, 556-562). MMPs have been shown to cleave aggrecan as well.

The loss of aggrecan has been implicated in the degradation of articular cartilage in arthritic diseases, for example osteoarthritis is a debilitating disease which affects at least 30 million Americans. Degradation of articular cartilage and the resulting chronic pain can severely reduce quality of life. An early and important characteristic of the osteoarthritic process is loss of aggrecan from the extracellular matrix, resulting in deficiencies in the biomechanical characteristics of the cartilage. Likewise, MMPs and aggrecanases are known to play a role in many disorders in which extracellular protein degradation or destruction occurs, such as cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”), atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases, hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis, central nervous system diseases, abnormal wound healing, angiogenesis, restenosis, cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graft versus host disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock, invertebral disc degeneration, stroke, osteopenia, and periodontal diseases.

Therefore, metalloproteinase inhibitors, including inhibitors of MMPs and aggrecanases, are needed.

The present invention is directed to these and other important ends.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention provides compounds of the Formula (I):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   W is —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)O—, or —C(O)NH—;     -   R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic         aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each         optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁         is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents         can be identical or different;     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;     -   R₃ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —CONHOH, —CONHSO₂R₇, tetrazole, —SO₂NHR₇,         —SO₃H, —PO(OH)NH₂, —PO(OH)OR₇, —CONHR₇, —COOR₇, an acid mimetic         group, or a 5 or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl         containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, S;     -   R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀;     -   R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl,         —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl,         —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl,         —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl,         —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl,         —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is         substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be         identical or different;     -   R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃,         —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇,         —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl,         —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl,         —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇,         (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl,         aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl,         aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or         alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃;     -   R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together         with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to         seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms         selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl-OH, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic         heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₉ and R₁₀         together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group         containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;

R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;

-   -   R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl         substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl;     -   m is 0-4;     -   n is 0-4; and     -   p is 0-2.

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds of the Formula (II):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(p)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;

-   R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,     heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,     heterocycloalkyl —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl,     bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl,     cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted     with one or more R₁₂; or R₁₄ and R₁₅ together may form a five- to     seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected     from N, O, or S;     -   p is 0-2, and     -   R₁, R₁₁, R₁₂, and n are as described above for compounds of the         Formula (I).

In another embodiment, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) are useful as pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In one embodiment, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the Formula (I) or Formula (II) are useful as metalloproteinase modulators.

In one embodiment, the invention provides methods for treating a metalloproteinase-related disorder, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) in an amount effective to treat a metalloproteinase-related disorder.

In one embodiment, the invention provides methods of synthesizing the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II). In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) made by particular processes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates the inhibition of aggrecanase activity by test compound 8OO.

FIG. 2 illustrates the dose dependent increase in newly synthesized aggrecan content of the cartilage matrix, and an equivalent decrease in aggrecan released into the medium, when cartilage from 3 donors was treated with test compound 8OO.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All recitations of a group, such as alkyl, are understood for the purposes of this specification to encompass both substituted and unsubstituted forms.

The term “alkyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon chain and includes, but is not limited to, straight and branched chains containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, or in some instances, from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, unless explicitly specified otherwise. For example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, i-butyl and t-butyl are encompassed by the term “alkyl.” (C₁-C₆)-alkyl includes straight and branched chain aliphatic groups having from 1 to 6 carbons. Specifically included within the definition of “alkyl” are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted. The alkyl may suitably be a (C₁-C₃)-alkyl. In one embodiment, an alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The carbon number as used in the definitions herein refers to carbon backbone and carbon branching, but does not include carbon atoms of the substituents, such as alkoxy substitutions and the like.

The term “alkenyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon chain and includes, but is not limited to, straight and branched chains having 2 to 8 carbon atoms e.g. 2 to 6 carbon atoms and containing at least one double bond. In one embodiment, the alkenyl moiety has 1 or 2 double bonds. Such alkenyl moieties may exist in the E or Z conformations and the compounds of this invention include both conformations. (C₂-C₆) alkenyl includes a 2 to 6 carbon straight or branched chain having at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Specifically included within the definition of “alkenyl” are those aliphatic hydrocarbon chains that are optionally substituted. In one embodiment, a heteroatom, such as O, S or N, attached to an alkenyl is not attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to a double bond. In one embodiment, an alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)— alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “alkynyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a hydrocarbon moiety containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. (C₂-C₆) alkynyl includes a 2 to 6 carbon straight or branched chain having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. In one embodiment, an alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, fused, bridged, or spiro monovalent saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring system of 3-15 carbon atoms e.g. 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Any suitable ring position of the cycloalkyl moiety may be covalently linked to the defined chemical structure. Examples of cycloalkyl moieties include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, norbornyl, adamantyl, spiro[4.5]decanyl, and homologs, isomers, and the like. C₃-C₆ cycloalkyl includes monocyclic, saturated rings of 3 to 6 carbons. In one embodiment, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl. Cycloalkylalkyl when used herein refers to a (C₁-C₆)-alkyl group as defined above substituted by a C₃ to C₁₅ cycloalkyl group as defined above e.g. cyclohexylmethyl and cyclohexylethyl.

“Heteroaryl” refers to a 5 to 6 membered aromatic heterocyclic ring which contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms in the ring and may be fused with a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring at any possible position (e.g. fused to one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings, each having 5-8 ring atoms, the fused heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms in the ring) e.g. it is suitably a bicyclic or tricyclic ring. Exemplary heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furanyl, furazanyl, homopiperazinyl, imidazolinyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, phenanthridinyl, pyranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyridooxazolyl, pyridoimidazolyl, pyridothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolinyl, thiadiazinyl, thiadiazolyl, thienyl, thienothiazolyl, thienooxazolyl, thienoimidazolyl, thiophenyl, triazinyl, and triazolyl. In one embodiment, a heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

“Heterocycloalkyl” refers to a 5 to 7-membered saturated or unsaturated non aromatic ring containing carbon atoms and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S which may suitably be monocylic or may be fused to one or more further rings to provide a polycyclic moiety e.g. a bicyclic or tricyclic moiety. The further ring(s) may be carbocyclic rings(s) or they may contain from 1 to 4 further heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, preferably they are carbocyclic rings. The further ring(s) may be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic rings(s), preferably they are non-aromatic rings) Exemplary heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, azepanyl, azetidinyl, aziridinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, and thiomorpholinyl. In one embodiment, a heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “aryl” as used herein as a group or part of a group refers to an aromatic carbocyclic ring system, e.g., of from 6 to 14 carbon atoms such as phenyl, which may be optionally substituted. An aryl group may be fused with a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring at any possible position (e.g. fused to one or more carbocyclic or heterocyclic rings, each having 5-8 ring atoms, the fused heterocyclic ring containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms in the ring). “Phenyl”, as used herein, whether used alone or as part of another group, refers to a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group. The aryl fused with a carbocyclic ring may suitably be a bicyclic aryl or a tricyclic aryl. In one embodiment, an aryl group such as phenyl is optionally substituted with one or more of the following: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “biphenyl” as used herein refers to two phenyl groups connected at one carbon site on each ring. In one embodiment, one or both phenyl groups is independently optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “biaryl” as used herein refers to two aryl groups connected at one carbon site on each ring. In one embodiment, one or both aryl groups is independently optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “bicyclic aryl” as used herein refers to two fused carbocyclic groups, wherein one or both of the carbocyclic groups is aromatic. For example, a bicyclic aryl can contain from 8 to 12 ring atoms. In one embodiment, one or both carbocyclic groups of the bicyclic aryl is independently optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “tricyclic aryl” as used herein refers to three fused carbocyclic groups, wherein two or three of the carbocyclic groups is aromatic. For example, a tricyclic aryl can contain from 13 to 18 ring atoms. In one embodiment, one or more of the carbocyclic groups of the tricyclic aryl are independently optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “bicyclic heteroaryl” as used herein refers to two fused cyclic groups, wherein one or both of the cyclic groups is aromatic and contains one to four heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. For example, a bicyclic heteroaryl can contain from 8 to 12 ring atoms, and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S in each ring. In one embodiment, one or both cyclic groups is independently optionally substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

The term “tricyclic heteroaryl” as used herein refers to three fused cyclic groups, wherein two or three of the cyclic groups is aromatic and at least one aromatic group contains 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. For example, a tricyclic aryl can contain from 13 to 18 ring atoms, and from 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from O, N, and S in each ring. In one embodiment, the cyclic groups are independently substituted with one or more of the following groups: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

An optionally substituted moiety may be substituted with one or more substituents, examples of which are as illustrated herein. In one embodiment, an “optionally substituted” moiety is substituted with one or more of the following: —V-halogen, —V—(C₁-C₆)-alkyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkenyl, —V—(C₂-C₆)-alkynyl, —V—N(R′)₂, methylenedioxo, ethylenedioxo, —V—NHSO₂R′, —V—NR′COR′, —V—NHCO₂R′, —V—NO₂, —V—SO₂N(R′)₂, —V—SO₂R′, —V—OR′, —V—COR′, —V—CO₂R′, —V—CON(R′)₂, or —V—CN, wherein each R′ is independently hydrogen, unsubstituted (C₁-C₆)-alkyl, or unsubstituted aryl; and wherein each V is independently a bond or (C₁-C₆)-alkyl.

When such moieties are substituted, for example, they may typically be mono-, di-, tri- or persubstituted. Examples for a halogen substituent include 1-bromo vinyl, 1-fluoro vinyl, 1,2-difluoro vinyl, 2,2-difluorovinyl, 1,2,2-trifluorovinyl, 1,2-dibromo ethane, 1,2 difluoro ethane, 1-fluoro-2-bromo ethane, CF₂F₃, CF₂CF₂CF₃, and the like.

The term halogen includes bromine, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine.

For the sake of simplicity, connection points (“-”) are not depicted. When an atom or compound is described to define a variable, it is understood that it is intended to replace the variable in a manner to satisfy the valency of the atom or compound. For example, if “X*” was C(R*)═C(R*), both carbon atoms form a part of the ring in order to satisfy their respective valences. Likewise, when divalent substituents are presented, it is understood that they are not limited to the order listed, for example, as used in this specification “OCH₂” encompasses CH₂O and OCH₂.

The term “administer”, “administering”, or “administration”, as used herein refers to either directly administering a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or a composition to a animal, or administering a prodrug derivative or analog of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound or composition to the animal, which can form an equivalent amount of active compound within the animal's body.

The term “animal” as used herein includes, without limitation, a human, mouse, rat, guinea pig, dog, cat, horse, cow, pig, monkey, chimpanzee, baboon, or rhesus. In one embodiment, the animal is a mammal. In another embodiment, the animal is a human.

The term “amine protecting group” as used herein refers to a moiety that temporarily blocks an amine reactive site in a compound. Generally, this is done so that a chemical reaction can be carried out at another reactive site in a multifunctional compound or to otherwise stabilize the amine. In one embodiment, an amine protecting group is selectively removable by a chemical reaction. An exemplary amine protecting group is a 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl protecting group. Another exemplary amine protecting group is a carbamate protecting group. Carbamate protecting groups include, without limitation, t-butyl carbamate, methyl carbamate, ethyl carbamate, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethyl carbamate, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate, benzyl carbamate, p-methoxybenzyl carbamate, p-nitrobenzylcarbamate, p-bromobenzyl carbamate, p-chlorobenzyl carbamate, and 2,4-dichlorobenzyl carbamate. See, Greene and Wuts, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons (1991).

The term “carboxylic acid protecting group” as used herein refers to a moiety that temporarily blocks a carboxylic acid reactive site in a compound. Generally, this is done so that a chemical reaction can be carried out at another reactive site in a multifunctional compound or to otherwise stabilize the carboxylic acid. In one embodiment, a carboxylic acid protecting group is selectively removable by a chemical reaction. An exemplary carboxylic acid protecting group is an alkyl ester protecting group, such as a tert-butyl ester.

The term “acid mimetic group” as used herein refers to a moiety that has chemical and physical similarities producing broadly similar biological properties to an acid. In one embodiment, an acid mimetic group is a 5 or 6-membered heterocycle containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, S. Exemplary acid mimetic groups include:

The term “conditions effective to” as used herein refers to synthetic reaction conditions which will be apparent to those skilled in the art of synthetic organic chemistry.

The term “effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound that, when administered to an animal, is effective to prevent, to at least partially ameliorate, or to cure, a condition from which the animal suffers or is suspected to suffer.

The term “metalloproteinase-related disorder” used herein refers to a condition for which it would be beneficial to modulate activity of the metalloproteinase. Exemplary metalloproteinase-related disorders include, without limitation, arthritic disorders, osteoarthritis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases, hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis, central nervous system diseases, abnormal wound healing, angiogenesis, restenosis, cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graft versus host disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock, invertebral disc degeneration, stroke, osteopenia, and periodontal diseases.

The term “metalloproteinase modulator” refers to a compound that is capable of modulating the expression of a metalloproteinase. For example, a metalloproteinase modulator may enhance metalloproteinase expression. A metalloproteinase modulator may also be an inhibitor of a metalloproteinase.

The term “isolated and purified” as used herein refers to an isolate that is separate from other components of a reaction mixture or a natural source. In certain embodiments, the isolate contains at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 98% of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound by weight of the isolate.

As used herein, a compound of the invention includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein refers to a salt of an acid and a basic nitrogen atom of a compound of the present invention. Exemplary salts include, but are not limited to, sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, hydrochloride, bromide, hydrobromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, camphorsulfonate, napthalenesulfonate, propionate, succinate, fumarate, maleate, malonate, mandelate, malate, phthalate, and pamoate. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” as used herein also refers to a salt of a compound of the present invention having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and a base. Exemplary bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxide of alkali metals including sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia, organic amines such as unsubstituted or hydroxyl-substituted mono-, di-, or tri-alkylamines, dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl, N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-OH—(C₁-C₆)-alkylamine), such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; morpholine; thiomorpholine; piperidine; pyrrolidine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” also includes a hydrate of a compound of the present invention.

The term “substantially free of its corresponding opposite enantiomer” as used herein means that the compound contains no more than about 10% by weight of its corresponding opposite enantiomer. In other embodiments, the compound that is substantially free of its corresponding opposite enantiomer contains no more than about 5%, no more than about 1%, no more than about 0.5%, or no more than about 0.1% by weight of its corresponding opposite enantiomer. An enantiomer that is substantially free of its corresponding opposite enantiomer includes a compound that has been isolated and purified or has been prepared substantially free of its corresponding opposite enantiomer.

The term “tautomer” as used herein refers to compounds produced by the phenomenon wherein a proton of one atom of a molecule shifts to another atom. See, Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structures, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, pages 69-74 (1992).

The following abbreviations as used herein mean: Ac is acetate; boc is t-butyl carbamate; Bu is butyl; DIEA is diisopropylethylamine; DMF is dimethylformamide; DMSO is dimethylsulfoxide; ESI is electrospray ionization; Et is ethyl; HPLC is high pressure liquid chromatography; HRMS is high resolution mass spectrometry; Me is methyl; MS is mass spectrometry; m/z is mass-to-charge ratio; r.t. is retention time; TFA is trifluoroacetic acid; THF is tetrahydrofuran; FMOC is 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; DEA is diethylamine; DME is dimethoxyethane; Bop is benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate; PyBop is benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate; HBTU is O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate; and EDC is 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride.

Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts of Compounds of the Invention

The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present invention can contain an asymmetric carbon atom and some of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the invention can contain one or more asymmetric centers, and can thus give rise to optical isomers and diastereomers. While depicted without respect to stereochemistry in the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present invention, the present invention includes such optical isomers and diastereomers, as well as racemic and resolved, enantiomerically pure R and S stereoisomers, and also other mixtures of the R and S stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Where a stereoisomer is provided, it can in some embodiments be provided substantially free of its corresponding opposite enantiomer.

In addition, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present invention can exist as tautomers. Such tautomers can be transient or isolatable as a stable product. These tautomers are within the scope of the present invention.

Prodrugs of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds are also within the scope of the present invention.

Compounds of the Formula (I)

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to compounds of the Formula (I):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   W is —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)O—, or —C(O)NH—;     -   R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic         aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each         optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁         is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents         can be identical or different;     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;     -   R₃ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —CONHOH, —CONHSO₂R₇, tetrazole, —SO₂NHR₇,         —SO₃H, —PO(OH)NH₂, —PO(OH)OR₇, —CONHR₇, —COOR₇, an acid mimetic         group, or a 5 or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl         containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, S;     -   R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀;     -   R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl,         —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl,         —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl,         —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl,         —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl,         —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is         substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be         identical or different;     -   R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃,         —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇,         —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl,         —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl,         —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇,         (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl,         aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl,         aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or         alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃;     -   R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together         with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to         seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms         selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl-OH, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic         heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₉ and R₁₀         together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group         containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;     -   R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl         substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl;     -   m is 0-4;     -   n is 0-4; and     -   p is 0-2.

In one embodiment, W is —CO.

In another embodiment, R₃ is —CO₂H.

In one embodiment, R₁ is bicyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In another embodiment, R₁ is tricyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more R₅ and R₆.

In one embodiment, R₁ is biphenyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In one embodiment, m is 0-2. In another embodiment, m is 0.

In one embodiment, p is 0-2. In another embodiment, p is 2.

In another embodiment, m is 0 and p is 2.

In another embodiment, R₃ is

In another embodiment, R₅ is

wherein X′ is O, S, or NH.

In one embodiment, R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀.

In one embodiment, W is —CO, R₂ is hydrogen, R₃ is —CO₂H, R₁ is biphenyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆, R₄ is —CONR₉R₁₀, m is 0, and p is 2.

In another embodiment, when R₄ is other than hydrogen, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is the S-enantiomer with respect to the carbon to which R₄ is bound.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

and R₁₂ is —F.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

and each R₁₂ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; and R₄ is

Compounds of the Formula (Ia)

In one embodiment, the invention is directed to compounds of the Formula (Ia):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic         aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each         optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁         is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents         can be identical or different;     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;     -   R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀;     -   R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl,         —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl,         —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl,         —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl,         —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl,         —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is         substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be         identical or different;     -   R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃,         —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇,         —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl,         —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl,         —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇,         (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl,         aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl,         aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or         alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃;     -   R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together         with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to         seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms         selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl-OH, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic         heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₉ and R₁₀         together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group         containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;     -   R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl         substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; and     -   n is 0-4.

In one embodiment, R₁ is bicyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In another embodiment, R₁ is tricyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In one embodiment, R₁ is biphenyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In one embodiment, R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀.

In one embodiment, R₁ is biphenyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆, and R₄ is —CONR₉R₁₀.

In another embodiment, R₅ is

wherein X′ is O, S, or NH.

In another embodiment, when R₄ is other than hydrogen, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is the S-enantiomer with respect to the carbon to which R₄ is bound.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

and R₁₂ is —F.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

and each R₁₂ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; and R₄ is

Compounds of the Formula (Ib)

In one embodiment, the invention is directed to compounds of the Formula (Ib):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   X, Y, and Z are each independently (CH₂)_(n), O, S, NR₇, CO, or         SO₂; or X, Y, and Z form a benzene in ring B; ring A and ring B         are each independently optionally substituted with one or more         of R₅ and R₆;     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;     -   R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀;     -   R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl,         —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl,         —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl,         —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl,         —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl,         —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is         substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be         identical or different;     -   R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃,         —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇,         —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl,         —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl,         —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇,         (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl,         aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl,         aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or         alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃;     -   R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together         with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to         seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms         selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl-OH, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic         heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₉ and R₁₀         together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group         containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;     -   R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl         substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; and     -   n is 0-4.

In one embodiment, R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀.

In another embodiment, when R₄ is other than hydrogen, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is the S-enantiomer with respect to the carbon to which R₄ is bound.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

and R₁₂ is —F.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; R₄ is

and each R₁₂ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; and R₄ is

Compounds of the Formula (Ic)

In one embodiment, the invention is directed to compounds of the Formula (Ic):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   X, Y, and Z are each independently (CH₂)_(n), O, S, NR₇, CO, or         SO₂; or X, Y, and Z form a benzene in ring B; ring A, ring B,         and ring C are each independently optionally substituted with         one or more of R₅ and R₆;     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;     -   R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀;     -   R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl,         —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl,         —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl,         —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl,         —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl,         —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is         substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be         identical or different;     -   R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃,         —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇,         —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl,         —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl,         —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇,         (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl,         aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl,         aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or         alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃;     -   R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together         with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to         seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms         selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl-OH, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic         heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₉ and R₁₀         together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group         containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;     -   R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl         substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; and     -   n is 0-4.

In one embodiment, R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀.

In another embodiment, when R₄ is other than hydrogen, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is the S-enantiomer with respect to the carbon to which R₄ is bound.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

and R₁₂ is —F.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; R₄ is

and each R₁₂ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; and R₄ is

Compounds of the Formula (Id)

In one embodiment, the invention is directed to compounds of the Formula (Id):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   ring A and ring B are each independently optionally substituted         with one or more of R₅ and R₆;     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;     -   R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀;     -   R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl,         —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl,         —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl,         —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl,         —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl,         —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is         substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be         identical or different;     -   R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃,         —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇,         —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl,         —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl,         —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇,         (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl,         aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl,         aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or         alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃;     -   R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together         with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to         seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms         selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl-OH, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic         heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₉ and R₁₀         together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group         containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;     -   R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl         substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; and     -   n is 0-4.

In one embodiment, R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀.

In another embodiment, when R₄ is other than hydrogen, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is the S-enantiomer with respect to the carbon to which R₄ is bound.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

and R₁₂ is —F.

In one embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; R₄ is

and each R₁₂ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen; and R₄ is

Compounds of the Formula (II)

In another embodiment, the invention provides compounds of the Formula (II):

-   -   and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof,     -   wherein     -   R₁ is phenyl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with phenyl, heteroaryl,         biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or         tricyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or         more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁ is substituted with more than one         of R₅ or R₆, the substituents can be identical or different;     -   R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl,         —(CH₂)_(p)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl;     -   R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl,         —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl,         —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl,         —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl,         —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl,         —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆)         alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl         optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is         substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be         identical or different;     -   R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃,         —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇,         —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl,         —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl,         —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇,         (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆)         cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl,         aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl,         —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl,         aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or         alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃;     -   R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl,         heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together         with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to         seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms         selected from N, O, or S;     -   R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl;     -   R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen,         (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆)         alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl         substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl,         —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl;     -   R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl,         aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl,         heterocycloalkyl —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl,         bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl,         cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally         substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₁₄ and R₁₅ together may         form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3         heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S;     -   n is 0-4, and     -   p is 0-2.

In one embodiment, R₁ is bicyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In another embodiment, R₁ is tricyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In one embodiment, R₁ is biphenyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆.

In another embodiment, R₅ is

wherein X′ is O, S, or NH.

In another embodiment, R₂ is hydrogen.

In one embodiment, the compound of Formula (I) is N²-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-butyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopropyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclohexyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N-2-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethynyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclooctyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-4-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopentyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl]-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-2-adamantyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(2-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-3-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxyethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-naphthylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-furylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(methylthio)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(4-phenoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamamide, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-vinyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N-2-[(4′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-propoxy(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-butoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(allyloxy)(1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylacetyl)-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3-fluorophenyl)acetyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(2,2′-bifuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-thien-2-yl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(4-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(3-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N-2-(1,1′-biphenyl-3-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N-2-(3-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3-chloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2,6-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-naphthylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-phenylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(2-benzylphenyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-heptyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-thien-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(sec-butyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(cyclopropylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-biphenyl-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-isopropyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹,N¹-diethyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-pentyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(tert-butyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-{[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]methyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-pyridin-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(5-hydroxypentyl)-L-α-glutamine, 3-[(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-2-naphthoyl-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-hexyl-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-hexyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid, N-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-glutamic acid, N-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, (4S)-4-[(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid, N-({4′-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid, N-[(4′-{[(3-methyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid, N-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid, N-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid, N-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid, N-({4′-[(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid, N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-9H-fluoren-9-yl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, 4′-{[((1S)-3-carboxy-1-{[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)amino]carbonyl}propyl)amino]carbonyl}biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid, N²-[(4′-ethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N-2-[4-(2-naphthyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N-2-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-sec-butylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({3′-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[(3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[4-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(4′-isobutylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{[3′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(benzyloxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-[4-(phenylethynyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N-2-{4-[(9-hydroxy-9H-fluoren-9-yl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(1E)-3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(2′,4′,6′-trimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-butyl-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-butyl-N-2-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-2-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(2R)-2-phenylpropyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(2R)-2-phenylpropyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-{4-[(3-aminophenyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-N-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N-2-[4-(3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylprop-1-yn-1-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-glutamamide, N²-({4′-[(3-tert-butylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-di-tert-butylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-ethylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluoropenyl)-1,2-dimethylethyl]-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamanide, N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,6′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-[(3′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,3′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[3′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-chloro-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[3′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(3-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[4-(5-methyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[6-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-pyridin-4-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(5-pyridin-4-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-formyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-acetyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-[4-(5-formyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-acetyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[3-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-[3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[3-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutamine, N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[3′-(benzyloxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)methoxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3-ethylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N-2-{[4′-(biphenyl-2-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}L-α-glutamine, or N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-2-yl)methoxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine.

Methods for Making the Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts of Compounds of the Invention

The compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present invention can be prepared using a variety of methods starting from commercially available compounds, known compounds, or compounds prepared by known methods. General synthetic routes to many of the compounds of the invention are included in the following schemes. It is understood by those skilled in the art that protection and deprotection steps not shown in the Schemes may be required for these syntheses, and that the order of steps may be changed to accommodate functionality in the target molecule.

As used in the schemes, PG₁ is an amine protecting group; PG₂ is a carboxylic acid protecting group; and R₁, R₂, R₆, R₁₂, R₁₃, R₁₄, and R₁₅ are defined as above. General Synthetic Schemes for Preparation of Compounds

The amide formation between a carboxylic acid and an amine is carried out using a coupling reagent in a solvent such as DMF. Coupling reagents that may be used include benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (Bop reagent), benzotriazole-1-yl-oxy-tris-pyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (PyBop reagent), O-benzotriazole-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-uronium-hexafluoro-phosphate (HBTU), 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and other known or commercially available coupling reagents.

Cross coupling is generally referred to as Suzuki or Stille coupling reactions.

The amine protecting group is cleaved under mild conditions with an amine base to afford the free amine. A variety of amine bases may be used, including for example, diethylamine, piperidine, morpholine, dicyclohexylamine, p-dimethylaminopyridine, or diisopropylethylamine in a solvent, such as acetonitrile or DMF.

Hydrolysis of the carboxylic acid protecting group is carried out using TFA, NaOH, LiOH, potassium carbonate, or the like.

Scheme 1 demonstrates the preparation of compounds of the invention in two steps from N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic diethyl ester (1). Heating an aryl or heteroaryl chloride such as chloropyridine with N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic diethyl ester gave the diethyl ester (2), which was hydrolyzed with bases such as NaOH, LiOH, or the like to provide (3).

Scheme 2 provides the preparation of a compound of the invention in two steps from biphenylcarboxylic acid (4. Amide formation was carried out using a coupling reagent, such as EDC. Hydrolysis of the diethyl ester (5) under basic conditions gave the final product dicarboxylic acid (6).

Scheme 3 provides the preparation of compounds of the invention in two steps. Coupling of the amine and carboxylic acid (7) was carried out using a coupling reagent such as EDC. The tert-butyl protecting group on (8) was hydrolyzed in acidic conditions (TFA in dichloromethane) to provide the product (9).

Scheme 4 demonstrates the synthesis of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the Formula (II). As shown in Scheme 4, a compound of the Formula (III) is treated with an amine under conditions effective to provide a compound of the Formula (IV). Hydrolysis of the alkyl ester provides a compound of the Formula (II).

Scheme 5 provides the synthesis of compounds of the Formula (II) following the general procedures set forth in Scheme 4. Coupling of commercially available amines, amines known in the literature, or other amines with biphenylcarboxylic acid (4, or fluorencarboxylic acids or other carboxylic acids) can be carried out in EDC, PyBop/DIEA, or other coupling reagents as described above in the general scheme. Hydrolysis of the tert-butyl ester (10) was carried out using TFA. The second coupling reaction of the carboxylic acid (11) with a variety of amines was carried out using a similar procedure as employed in the first step. Finally, the methyl ester (12) was hydrolyzed with NaOH/MeOH in THF to provide (13).

Scheme 6 demonstrates the synthesis of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the Formula (II). As shown in Scheme 6, a compound of the Formula (V) is treated with an amine under conditions effective to provide a compound of the Formula (VI). Hydrolysis of the amine protecting group provides a compound of the Formula (VII), which is coupled with a carboxylic acid under conditions effective to provide a compound of the Formula (VIII). Hydrolysis of the protected carboxylic acid provides a compound of the Formula (II).

Scheme 7 provides the synthesis of compounds of the Formula (II) following the general procedures set forth in Scheme 6. In scheme 7, Fmoc-glu(Obut)OH (14) was reacted with a known or commercially available primary or secondary amine. Hydrolysis of the Fmoc protecting group of (15) was carried out with diethylamine in acetonitrile. The amine (16) was then coupled with a carboxylic acid (e.g. 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid or fluorencarboxylic acid) and the resulting tert-butyl ester (17) was hydrolyzed using TFA in dichloromethane to provide (18).

Scheme 8 demonstrates the preparation of compounds of the invention similar to the procedure described in scheme 7. Bromo or iodophenethylamine (or bromo or iodo benzylamine) was coupled with the Fmoc protected amino acid (14). Removal of the Fmoc protecting group of (19) was carried out in base and the resulting compound (20) was reacted with 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid (or fluorencarboxylic acid or other carboxylic acid). Cross-coupling of the bromo or iodo intermediate (21) with a boronic ester or stannyl reagent (via Suzuki or Stille method) gave the coupling product t-butyl ester (22), which was then hydrolyzed to give the final carboxylic acid product (23).

Scheme 9 demonstrates the preparation of compounds of the invention in three steps from bromo compounds. Cross coupling of (25) with either a boronic ester or a stannyl compound using either Suzuki or Stille coupling gave the tert-butyl ester (26), which was then hydrolyzed to the carboxylic acid (27).

Scheme 10 provides compounds of the invention prepared in three or four steps from bromo compounds. Suzuki coupling of (25) with the 4-hydroxyphenylboronic acid gave the intermediate (28). Path A: Alkylation of the phenolic compound with an alkylhalide or benzyl halide provided (9), followed by acid hydrolysis to give the carboxylic acid (30). Path B: The brominated compound (31) was treated with an alcohol to give (32), followed by acid hydrolysis to give the carboxylic acid (33). Path C: The intermediate (28) was treated a bromobenzylbromide compound to provide (52), followed by treatment with phenylboronic acid to provide (53), which was then acid hydrolized to give (54).

Scheme 11 provides compounds of the invention prepared in a similar manner described in scheme 10, except 5-bromofuroic acid was used in the first coupling reaction step. The bromo intermediate (34) was then reacted with a boronic acid and hydrolysis of the resulting tert-butyl ester (35) in acid provided the carboxylic acid (36).

Scheme 12 provides compounds of the invention prepared according to the procedure described in scheme 11, except 6-bromonicotinic acid was used to couple with the amino intermediate (37) to afford (38).

Scheme 13 provides compounds of the invention prepared according to the procedure described in scheme 10, except 4-(4,4,5,5)-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxoborolan-2-yl)aniline was used in the Suzuki coupling reaction with (25). The amino intermediate (39) was then acylated with an acid chloride and the tert-butyl ester (40) was hydrolyzed in acidic conditions to give the desired carboxylic acid (41).

Scheme 14 demonstrates the preparation of compounds of the invention in four steps. The L-glutamic acid α-tert-butyl ester γ-ethyl ester was reacted with 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid (4, or other carboxylic acid) using EDC, PyBop, Bop, or other coupling agent. Hydrolysis of the alpha tert-butyl ester (42) in trifluoroacetic acid gave the alpha carboxylic acid intermediate (43) in good yield. Treatment of the acid with a base (e.g. triethylamine) and ethyl chloroformate followed by sodium borohydride gave the corresponding alcohol (44). The ethyl ester was then hydrolyzed in basic conditions to give the final product (45).

Scheme 15 provides compounds of the invention prepared in four steps from bromobenzoic acid. L-glutamic acid di-tert butyl ester was coupled with the bromobenzoic acid (46). Suzuki coupling of the bromo compound (47) with 4-(4,4,5,5)-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxoborolan-2-yl)aniline gave the amino intermediate (48) in good yield. Acylation of the amine with an acid chloride gave the acylated product (49), and hydrolysis of the tert-butyl ester in acidic conditions gave the final dicarboxylic acid (50).

Scheme 16 provides compounds of the invention prepared in a single step from a carboxylic acid. A carboxylic acid of the invention (17) is reacted with Bop, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and DIEA to afford the hydroxamic acid (51).

One of skill in the art will recognize that Schemes 1-16 can be adapted to produce other compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds according to the present invention.

Therapeutic Administration

When administered to an animal, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention can be administered neat or as a component of a composition that comprises a physiologically acceptable carrier or vehicle. A composition of the invention can be prepared using a method comprising admixing the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound and a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent. Admixing can be accomplished using methods well known for admixing a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound and a physiologically acceptable carrier, excipient, or diluent.

The present compositions, comprising compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention can be administered orally. The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the invention can also be administered by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral, rectal, vaginal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and can be administered together with another therapeutic agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various known delivery systems, including encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, and capsules, can be used.

Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, by inhalation, or topical, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. In some instances, administration will result of release of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound into the bloodstream. The mode of administration is left to the discretion of the practitioner.

In one embodiment, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is administered orally.

In another embodiment, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is administered intravenously.

In another embodiment, it may be desirable to administer the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound locally. This can be achieved, for example, by local fusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository or edema, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to introduce the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound into the central nervous system, circulatory system or gastrointestinal tract by any suitable route, including intraventricular, intrathecal injection, paraspinal injection, epidural injection, enema, and by injection adjacent to the peripheral nerve. Intraventricular injection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir.

Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides.

In another embodiment, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 1990, 249, 1527-1533 and Treat et al., Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer 1989, 317-327 and 353-365.

In yet another embodiment, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be delivered in a controlled-release system or sustained-release system (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release 1984, vol. 2, 115-138). Other controlled or sustained-release systems discussed in the review by Langer, Science 1990, 249, 1527-1533 can be used. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (Langer, Science 1990, 249, 1527-1533; Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref. Biomed. Eng. 1987, 14, 201; Buchwald et al., Surgery 1980, 88, 507; and Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 1989, 321, 574). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release (Langer and Wise, eds., 1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance (Smolen and Ball, eds., 1984); Ranger and Peppas, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 1983, 2, 61; Levy et al., Science 1935, 228, 190; During et al., Ann. Neural. 1989, 25, 351; and Howard et al., J. Neurosurg. 1989, 71, 105).

In yet another embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release system can be placed in proximity of a target of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, e.g., the reproductive organs, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose.

The present compositions can optionally comprise a suitable amount of a physiologically acceptable excipient.

Such physiologically acceptable excipients can be liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. The physiologically acceptable excipients can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents can be used. In one embodiment the physiologically acceptable excipients are sterile when administered to an animal. The physiologically acceptable excipient should be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms. Water is a particularly useful excipient when the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable physiologically acceptable excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The present compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.

Liquid carriers may be used in preparing solutions, suspensions, emulsions, syrups, and elixirs. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of this invention can be dissolved or suspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carrier such as water, an organic solvent, a mixture of both, or pharmaceutically acceptable oils or fat. The liquid carrier can contain other suitable pharmaceutical additives including solubilizers, emulsifiers, buffers, preservatives, sweeteners, flavoring agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, colors, viscosity regulators, stabilizers, or osmo-regulators. Suitable examples of liquid carriers for oral and parenteral administration include water (particular containing additives as above, e.g., cellulose derivatives, including sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution), alcohols (including monohydric alcohols and polyhydric alcohols, e.g., glycols) and their derivatives, and oils (e.g., fractionated coconut oil and arachis oil). For parenteral administration the carrier can also be an oily ester such as ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate. Sterile liquid carriers are used in sterile liquid form compositions for parenteral administration. The liquid carrier for pressurized compositions can be halogenated hydrocarbon or other pharmaceutically acceptable propellant.

The present compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a capsule. Other examples of suitable physiologically acceptable excipients are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 1447-1676 (Alfonso R. Gennaro, ed., 19th ed. 1995).

In one embodiment, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for oral administration to humans. Compositions for oral delivery can be in the form of tablets, lozenges, buccal forms, troches, aqueous or oily suspensions or solutions, granules, powders, emulsions, capsules, syrups, or elixirs for example. Orally administered compositions can contain one or more agents, for example, sweetening agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin; flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry; coloring agents; and preserving agents, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation. In powders, the carrier can be a finely divided solid, which is an admixture with the finely divided compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In tablets, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is mixed with a carrier having the necessary compression properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired. The powders and tablets can contain up to about 99% of the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound.

Capsules may contain mixtures of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds with inert fillers and/or diluents such as pharmaceutically acceptable starches (e.g., corn, potato, or tapioca starch), sugars, artificial sweetening agents, powdered celluloses (such as crystalline and microcrystalline celluloses), flours, gelatins, gums, etc.

Tablet formulations can be made by conventional compression, wet granulation, or dry granulation methods and utilize pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, binding agents, lubricants, disintegrants, surface modifying agents (including surfactants), suspending or stabilizing agents (including, but not limited to, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, sodium lauryl sulfate, talc, sugars, lactose, dextrin, starch, gelatin, cellulose, methyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, polyvinylpyrroldine, alginic acid, acacia gum, xanthan gum, sodium citrate, complex silicates, calcium carbonate, glycine, sucrose, sorbitol, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, kaolin, mannitol, sodium chloride, low melting waxes, and ion exchange resins. Surface modifying agents include nonionic and anionic surface modifying agents. Representative examples of surface modifying agents include, but are not limited to, poloxamer 188, benzalkonium chloride, calcium stearate, cetostearl alcohol, cetomacrogol emulsifying wax, sorbitan esters, colloidal silicon dioxide, phosphates, sodium dodecylsulfate, magnesium aluminum silicate, and triethanolamine.

Moreover, when in a tablet or pill form, the compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active driving compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound are also suitable for orally administered compositions. In these latter platforms, fluid from the environment surrounding the capsule can be imbibed by the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agent composition through an aperture. These delivery platforms can provide an essentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spiked profiles of immediate release formulations. A time-delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate can also be used. Oral compositions can include standard excipients such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. In one embodiment the excipients are of pharmaceutical grade.

In another embodiment, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be formulated for intravenous administration. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration comprise sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions can also include a solubilizing agent. Compositions for intravenous administration can optionally include a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to lessen pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water-free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is administered by injection, an ampule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

In another embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be administered transdermally through the use of a transdermal patch. Transdermal administrations include administrations across the surface of the body and the inner linings of the bodily passages including epithelial and mucosal tissues. Such administrations can be carried out using the present compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds, in lotions, creams, foams, patches, suspensions, solutions, and suppositories (e.g., rectal or vaginal).

Transdermal administration can be accomplished through the use of a transdermal patch containing the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound and a carrier that is inert to the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, is non-toxic to the skin, and allows delivery of the agent for systemic absorption into the blood stream via the skin. The carrier may take any number of forms such as creams or ointments, pastes, gels, or occlusive devices. The creams or ointments may be viscous liquid or semisolid emulsions of either the oil-in-water or water-in-oil type. Pastes comprised of absorptive powders dispersed in petroleum or hydrophilic petroleum containing the active ingredient may also be suitable. A variety of occlusive devices may be used to release the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound into the blood stream, such as a semi-permeable membrane covering a reservoir containing the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound with or without a carrier, or a matrix containing the active ingredient.

The compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention may be administered rectally or vaginally in the form of a conventional suppository. Suppository formulations may be made from traditional materials, including cocoa butter, with or without the addition of waxes to alter the suppository's melting point, and glycerin. Water-soluble suppository bases, such as polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, may also be used.

The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be administered by controlled-release or sustained-release means or by delivery devices that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Such dosage forms can be used to provide controlled- or sustained-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled- or sustained-release formulations known to those skilled in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the invention. The invention thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled- or sustained-release.

In one embodiment a controlled- or sustained-release composition comprises a minimal amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound to treat or prevent a metalloproteinase-related disorder in a minimal amount of time. Advantages of controlled- or sustained-release compositions include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased compliance by the animal being treated. In addition, controlled- or sustained-release compositions can favorably affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound, and can thus reduce the occurrence of adverse side effects.

Controlled- or sustained-release compositions can initially release an amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound that promptly produces the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. To maintain a constant level of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound in the body, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled- or sustained-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions, including but not limited to, changes in pH, changes in temperature, concentration or availability of enzymes, concentration or availability of water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.

In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to prodrugs of the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present invention. Various forms of prodrugs are known in the art, for example as discussed in Bundgaard, ed., Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985); Widder et al., ed., Methods in Enzymology, vol. 4, Academic Press (1985); Kgrogsgaard-Larsen et al., ed., “Design and Application of Prodrugs”, Textbook of Drug Design and Development, Chapter 5, 113-191 (1991); Bundgaard et al., Journal of Drug Delivery Reviews 1992, 8, 1-38; Bundgaard et al., J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 1988, 77, 285 et seq.; and Higuchi and Stella, eds., Prodrugs as Drug Delivery Systems, American Chemical Society (1975).

The amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is an amount that is effective for treating or preventing a metalloproteinase-related disorder. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed can also depend on the route of administration, the condition, the seriousness of the condition being treated, as well as various physical factors related to the individual being treated, and can be decided according to the judgment of a health-care practitioner. Equivalent dosages may be administered over various time periods including, but not limited to, about every 2 hours, about every 6 hours, about every 8 hours, about every 12 hours, about every 24 hours, about every 36 hours, about every 48 hours, about every 72 hours, about every week, about every two weeks, about every three weeks, about every month, and about every two months. The number and frequency of dosages corresponding to a completed course of therapy will be determined according to the judgment of a health-care practitioner. The effective dosage amounts described herein refer to total amounts administered; that is, if more than one compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is administered, the effective dosage amounts correspond to the total amount administered.

The amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound that is effective for treating or preventing a metalloproteinase-related disorder will typically range from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg of body weight per day, in one embodiment, from about 1 mg/kg to about 250 mg/kg body weight per day, in another embodiment, from about 1 mg/kg to about 50 mg/kg body weight per day, and in another embodiment, from about 1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg of body weight per day.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition is in unit dosage form, e.g., as a tablet, capsule, powder, solution, suspension, emulsion, granule, or suppository. In such form, the composition is sub-divided in unit dose containing appropriate quantities of the active ingredient; the unit dosage form can be packaged compositions, for example, packeted powders, vials, ampoules, prefilled syringes or sachets containing liquids. The unit dosage form can be, for example, a capsule or tablet itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any such compositions in package form. Such unit dosage form may contain from about 1 mg/kg to about 250 kg, and may be given in a single dose or in two or more divided doses.

The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound can be assayed in vitro or in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. Animal model systems can be used to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

Thus, in one embodiment, the invention provides a composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is suitable for oral administration and the composition comprises an oral dosage form.

Therapeutic or Prophylactic Uses

In one embodiment, the compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention are useful as metalloproteinase modulators. Accordingly, the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention are useful for treating an animal with a metalloproteinase-related disorder.

In one embodiment, the invention provides a method for treating a metalloproteinase-related disorder, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) in an amount effective to treat a metalloproteinase-related disorder. In another embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is of the Formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id).

In one embodiment, the metalloproteinase is a matrix metalloproteinase or an aggrecanase.

In another embodiment, the aggrecanase is aggrecanase-1 or aggrecanase-2.

In one embodiment, the metalloproteinase-related disorder is selected from the group consisting of arthritic disorders, osteoarthritis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases, hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis, central nervous system diseases, abnormal wound healing, angiogenesis, restenosis, cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graft versus host disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock, invertebral disc degeneration, stroke, osteopenia, and periodontal diseases.

In another embodiment, the metalloproteinase-related disorder is osteoarthritis.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method for modulating the activity of a metalloproteinase in an animal in need thereof, comprising contacting the metalloproteinase with an effective amount of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II). In one embodiment, the method further comprises determining the activity of the metalloproteinase. In one embodiment, the step of determining the activity of the metalloproteinase is performed before the step of contacting the metalloproteinase with the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In another embodiment, the step of determining the activity of the metalloproteinase is performed after the step of contacting the metalloproteinase with the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound. In another embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is of the Formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id).

The compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of Formula (I) or Formula (II) are also useful in the manufacture of medicaments for treating a metalloproteinase-related disorder in an animal. In another embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is of the Formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id).

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides the use of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) for the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metalloproteinase-related disorder. In another embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is of the Formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id).

In one embodiment, the metalloproteinase is a matrix metalloproteinase or an aggrecanase.

In another embodiment, the aggrecanase is aggrecanase-1 or aggrecanase-2.

In one embodiment, the metalloproteinase-related disorder is selected from the group consisting of arthritic disorders, osteoarthritis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases, hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis, central nervous system diseases, abnormal wound healing, angiogenesis, restenosis, cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graft versus host disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock, invertebral disc degeneration, stroke, osteopenia, and periodontal diseases.

In another embodiment, the metalloproteinase-related disorder is osteoarthritis.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to the use of a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of Formula (I) or Formula (II) for the manufacture of a medicament for modulating the activity of a metalloproteinase. In one embodiment, the medicament is also for determining the activity of the receptor. In another embodiment, the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is of the Formula (Ia), (Ib), (Ic), or (Id).

EXAMPLES

Example 1 N-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid

Step A: 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino]-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester

2-Chloropyrimidine (0.72 g, 6.3 mmol) and N-(4-aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid diethyl ester (2.04 g, 6.3 mmol, 1 equiv.) were dissolved in DMF (4 mL) and the resulting mixture was heated to 110° C. for 3 hrs. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic phase was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and concentrated by rotavap. The residue was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 50% EtOAc/hexane) to afford 1.75 g of desired product 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino]-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester in 69% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 399.

Step B: N-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid

A solution of 2-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino]-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester (250 mg, 0.62 mmol) in THF (4 mL) was added to MeOH (4 mL), followed by the addition of 1N NaOH solution (5 mL, 5 mmol, 8 equiv.). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by HPLC. Solvents were removed by rotavap and a small amount of water (5 mL) was added to make a homogeneous solution. 1N HCl was added dropwise until the solution reached a pH of 4. The solid precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with EtOAc, and dried in vacuum oven. The product N-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (120 mg) was isolated in 45% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 343.

Example 2 N-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-glutamic acid

Step A: 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester

A solution of 4-biphenylcarboxylic acid (670 mg, 3.4 mmol) and (809 mg, 3.4 mmol, 1 equiv.) in dry DMF (20 mL) was added to EDCI (801 mg, 5.1 mmol, 1.5 equiv.), triethylamine (853 mg, 8.4 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) and DMAP (82 mg, 0.7 mmol, 20%). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O, brine, and dried over magnesium sulfate. Solvent was removed and the residue subject to column chromatography (silica gel, 50% EtOAc/hexane). 660 mg of desired product 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester was isolated in 51% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 382.

Step B: N-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-glutamic acid

A solution of 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester (250 mg, 0.65 mmol) in THF (6 mL) was added to MeOH (6 mL), followed by the addition of 1N NaOH solution (5.2 mL, 5.2 mmol, 8 eq.). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by HPLC. Solvents were removed by rotavap and a small amount of water (5 mL) was added to make a homogeneous solution. 1N HCl was added dropwise until the solution reached a pH of 4. The solid precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with EtOAc, and dried in vacuum oven. Product N-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-glutamic acid (189 mg) was isolated in 89% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 326.

Example 3 N²-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-alpha-glutamine Step A: 4-Carbamoyl-4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino]-butyric acid tert-butyl ester

4-(Pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoic acid (1.80 g, 8.4 mmol, 1 equiv.) and EDCI (2.41 g, 12.6 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) were dissolved in DMF (60 mL) under N₂. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 minutes, followed by the addition of H-Glu (OtBu)-NH₂ (2 g, 8.4 mmol, 1 equiv), Et₃N (2.92 mL, 20.9 mmol, 2.5 equiv.), and DMAP (0.512 g, 4.2 mmol, 0.5 equiv). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. DMF was removed by rotovap and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with brine and dried over MgSO₄. Most of the solvent was removed by rotavap and a solid was precipitated from the mixture during solvent evaporation. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with EtOAc. 823 mg of 4-Carbamoyl-4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino]-butyric acid tert-butyl ester was obtained in 25% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 400.

Step B: N²-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-alpha-glutamine

4-Carbamoyl-4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino]-butyric acid tert-butyl ester was dissolved in dichloroethane (10 mL), followed by the addition of TFA (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs. TLC indicated the reaction was complete. Solvents were then removed by rotavap and the residue was washed with EtOAc. A solid was collected by filtration and dried in vacuum oven overnight. 4-Carbamoyl-4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino]-butyric acid was obtained in quantitative yield (285 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 344.

Example 4 N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-alpha-glutamine

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures similar to that described for Example 3. Yield 95%, MS (ESI) m/z 327.

Example 5 N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-alpha-glutamine Step A: 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 5-methyl ester

A solution of 4-diphenyl carboxylic acid (3.57 g, 18 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) in DMF (40 mL) was added to EDCI (4.28 g, 22.3 mmol, 1.24 equiv.) and stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hrs. H-Glu(OMe)Ot-Bu (5.02 g, 19.8 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was added, followed by the addition of Et₃N (6.77 mL, 48.6 mmol, 2.7 equiv.) and DMAP (330 mg, 2.7 mmol, 15%). The mixture was stirred overnight under N₂. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, washed with H₂O, then brine solution. The organic layer was separated and then dried over MgSO₄. After concentration, crude was purified by column chromatography (Silica gel, 20% EtOAc/Hexane) to afford 3.2 g of 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 5-methyl ester in 44.7% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 396.

Step B: 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 5-methyl ester

A solution of 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 5-methyl ester (1.5 g, 3.8 mmol) in dichloroethane (26 mL) was added to TFA (13 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 4 hrs. and TLC indicated the reaction was complete. Solvent was removed by rotovap. The solid thus obtained was dried under vacuum to provide 1.128 g of 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 5-methyl ester [G9591-161-1] in 87% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 342.

Step C: 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-4-(4-hydroxy-butylcarbamoyl)-butyric acid methyl ester

A solution of 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 5-methyl ester (400 mg, 1.2 mmol, 1 equiv.) in DMF (10 mL) was added to EDCI (337 mg, 1.8 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). The solution was stirred at room temperature under N₂ for 40 min. 4-Amino-1-butanol (0.11 mL, 1.2 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added, followed by addition of Et₃N (0.41 mL, 2.9 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) and DMAP (72 mg, 0.59 mmol, 0.5 equiv.). The mixture was stirred overnight under N₂. The reaction mixture was then poured into cold water and a solid precipitated from the solution. The solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to give 229 mg of 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-4-(4-hydroxy-butylcarbamoyl)-butyric acid methyl ester in 47% yield.

MS (ESI) m/z 413.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-alpha-glutamine

A solution of 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-4-(4-hydroxy-butylcarbamoyl)-butyric acid methyl ester (229 mg, 0.56 mmol, 1 equiv.) in THF (10 mL) and MeOH (2.8 mL) was added to 1N NaOH (2.8 mL, 2.8 mmol, 5 equiv.). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hrs. After TLC indicated the reaction was complete, the solvent was evaporated and the residue was dissolved in H₂O. After adjusting the pH of the solution to 3 using 1N HCl, a solid precipitated from the solution. The solid was collected by filtration and washed with water. After drying, 120 mg of N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-alpha-glutamine was isolated in 54.1% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 399.

Example 6

The following compounds were prepared according to the procedures similar to those described in Example 5.

Example 6A N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutamine Step C: methyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutaminate

Described as above according to the procedure in Example 5, except PyBop/DIEA (or Bop/DIEA) was used. MS (ESI) m/z 457.2; MS (ESI) m/z 913.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 457.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 457.21403.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 441.2; MS (ESI) m/z 883.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19699.

Example 6B N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step C: methyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Described as above according to the procedure in Example 5, except PyBop/DIEA (or Bop/DIEA) was used. MS (ESI) m/z 413.1; MS (ESI) m/z 825.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 413.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 413.20705.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 399.1; MS (ESI) m/z 797.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₅+H+, 399.19145; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 399.19217.

Example 6C N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine Step C: methyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Described as above according to the procedure in Example 5, except PyBop/DIEA (or Bop/DIEA) was used. MS (ESI) m/z 453.2; MS (ESI) m/z 905.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 453.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.27588.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 439.2; MS (ESI) m/z 877.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 439.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.25974.

Example 6D N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: 1-tert-butyl 5-methyl-N-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-glutamate

Described as above according to the procedure in Example 5, except 2-fluorenecarboxylic acid was used. MS (ESI) m/z 410.2; MS (ESI) m/z 819.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₇NO₅+Na+, 432.17814; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 432.17902.

Step B: (2S)-2-[(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]-5-methoxy-5-oxopentanoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 354.1; MS (ESI) m/z 707.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₀H₁₉NO₅+H+, 354.13360; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 354.13428.

Step C: methyl N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 485.3; MS (ESI) m/z 969.5; MS (ESI) m/z 507.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₂N₂O₄+Na⁺, 507.22543; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 507.22863.

Step D: N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 471.3; MS (ESI) m/z 941.5.

Example 6E N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

Step A: described as above according to the procedure in Example 5, except 2-fluorenecarboxylic acid was used.

Step C: methyl N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 519.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁ClN₂O₄+H+, 519.20451; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.20406.

Step D: N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 505.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1009.5.

Example 7 N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-N-2-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

In a 50 mL round bottom flask, Fmoc-L-Glu-(OtBu)-OH (2.127 g, 5 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (10 mL) and stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. PyBOP (2.6 g, 5 mmol) was added to the stirring mixture followed by piperonylamine (0.755 g, 5 mmol), and DIEA (1.2 equivalent) added dropwise. The mixture was stirred overnight (18-24 hr) at room temperature under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then poured into 150 mL of water and the solid was collected and washed with water. The wet solid was then dissolved in ethyl acetate (ca. 500 mL), and washed consecutively with 10% HCl (aq.), NaHCO₃ (satd.), and NaCl (satd.). The organic phase was dried over MgSO₄ (anh.) and concentrated. The crude product was redissolved in acetone and hexanes were added. The precipitated solid was filtered, washed with hexanes and dried in a vacuum desiccator overnight to give 1.56 g of tert-butyl N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate as fine white solid. MS (ESI) m/z 559.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₄N₂O₇+H+, 559.24388; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 559.24348.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

The Fmoc-ester product (1.5 g, 2.7 mmol) was (partially) dissolved in acetonitrile (17 mL) and stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. The mixture was fully dissolved about 30 min after addition of diethylamine (4.2 mL) and was stirred for two hours. After reaction completion, the mixture is carefully concentrated (<30° C.) under reduced pressure by rotary evaporator. The crude product (clear oil) was then filtered through a short flash column. The column was gradient eluted starting with 5% Acetone/CH₂Cl₂ until the Fmoc byproduct was removed and ramped to 50% Acetone/CH₂Cl₂ while the product eluted. The desired fractions were collected and concentrated giving 0.8 g clear oil. MS (ESI) m/z 337.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₄N₂O₅+H+, 337.17580; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 337.17605.

Step C: tert-butyl N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

The free amine (0.36 g, 1.07 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL) and stirred at rt under nitrogen. 4-Biphenyl carboxylic acid (0.557 g, 1.07 mmol) was added followed by PyBOP reagent (0.21 g, 1.07 mmol) with vigorous stirring. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and DIEA (1.2 equiv.) was added dropwise. The reaction was complete in 14-24 hours. The reaction mixture was then poured into 100 mL water and the solid collected. The solid was redissolved in ethyl acetate and washed with 10% HCl (aq.), NaHCO₃ (satd.), and NaCl (satd.). The organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ (anh.) and concentrated. Acetone was added to the residue and diluted with hexanes. The precipitate was collected and dried in a vacuum desiccator overnight to give 0.4 g of desired product. MS (ESI) m/z 517.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₂N₂O₆+H+, 517.23331; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.23311.

Step D: N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

The t-butyl ester (0.31 g, 0.6 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) and stirred at rt under nitrogen. Trifluoroacetic acid (4 mL) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) is added to the solution and the light yellow solution is stirred at rt for 2 hours. The mixture is evaporated and diluted toluene (10 mL), evaporated to fully remove the TFA. A solid is obtained and dissolved in minimum acetone (ca. 25-50 mL) warmed slightly and hexanes added. The white solid was collected and dried in a vacuum desiccator to yield 0.214 g product. MS (ESI) m/z 461.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₄N₂O₆+H+, 461.17071; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.1704.

Example 8

The following compounds were prepared according to the procedures similar to those of Example 7.

Example 8A N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-cyclohexyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-cyclohexyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 507.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 507.28535; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 507.28583.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-cyclohexyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 285.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₅H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 285.21727; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 285.21644.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclohexyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 465.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 465.27478; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.27386.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclohexyl-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 409.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 409.21163.

Example 8B N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-cyclopropyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-cyclopropyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 465.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 465.23840; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.23816.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopropyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 423.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 423.22783; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 423.22725.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopropyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 367.1; MS (ESI) m/z 733.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₁H₂₂N₂O₄+H+, 367.16523; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 367.16454.

Example 8C N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-butyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-butyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 481.2; MS (ESI) m/z 503.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 481.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 481.26789.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-butyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 439.1; MS (ESI) m/z 877.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 439.25913; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.25884.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-butyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 381.2; MS (ESI) m/z 763.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 383.19653; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 383.19514.

Example 8D N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 533.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₃FN₂O₅+H+, 533.24463; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.24546.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 311.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₃FN₂O₃+H+, 311.17655; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 311.17696.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 491.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁FN₂O₄+H+, 491.23406; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.23339.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 435.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃FN₂O₄+H+, 435.17146; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 435.17056.

Example 8E N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclooctyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-cyclooctyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 535.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₄₂N₂O₅+H+, 535.31665; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.31782.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-cyclooctyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI_FT) m/z 313.24821; MS (ESI_FT) m/z 313.24857; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₃₂N₂O₃+H+, 313.24857; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 313.24821.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclooctyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 493.4; MS (ESI) m/z 985.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₄+H+, 493.30608; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.30412.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclooctyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 437.3; MS (ESI) m/z 873.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 437.24348; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 437.24272.

Example 8F N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 575.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1149.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₇+H+, 575.27518; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.27609.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI+) m/z 353.2; MS (ESI+) m/z 297.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 353.20710; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 353.20629.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI+) m/z 533.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 533.26461; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.26323.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI−) m/z 475.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₆+H+, 477.20201; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.20053.

Example 8G N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopentyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-cyclopentyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI+) m/z 493.3; MS (ESI+) m/z 437.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 493.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.26812.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-cyclopentyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 271.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₄H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 271.20162; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 271.202.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopentyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 451.3; MS (ESI) m/z 901.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 451.25913; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 451.25803.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopentyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 395.2; MS (ESI) m/z 789.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 395.19653; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 395.19564.

Example 8H N¹-2-adamantyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-2-adamantyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 559.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1117.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₄₂N₂O₅+H+, 559.31665; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 559.31524.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-2-adamantyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 337.2; MS (ESI) m/z 673.5; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₃₂N₂O₃+H+, 337.24857; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 337.2475.

Step C: tert-butyl N¹-2-adamantyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₄₀N₂O₄+H+, 517.30608; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.30505.

Step D: N¹-2-adamantyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.3; MS (ESI) m/z 921.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 461.24348; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.24227.

Example 8I N¹-(2-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(2-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 573.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1145.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₄₄N₂O₅+H+, 573.33230; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 573.33089.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2-adamantylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 351.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₀H₃₄N₂O₃+H+, 351.26422; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 351.26491.

Step C: tert-butyl N¹-(2-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 531.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1061.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₄₂N₂O₄+H+, 531.32173; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 531.32031.

Step D: N¹-(2-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 475.2; MS (ESI) m/z 949.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 475.25913; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 475.25734.

Example 8J N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(2-methoxyethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 483.2; MS (ESI) m/z 965.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₆+H+, 483.24896; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.24851.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2-methoxyethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 261.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₂H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 261.18088; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 261.18071.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxyethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 441.2; MS (ESI) m/z 881.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 441.23840; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 441.23803.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2-methoxyethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 385.1; MS (ESI) m/z 769.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₅+H+, 385.17580; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 385.17538.

Example 8K N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 545.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1089.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 545.26461; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 545.26277.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 323.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 323.19653; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 323.19702.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 503.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1005.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 503.25405; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.25435.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.2; MS (ESI) m/z 891.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₅+H+, 447:19145; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 447.19235.

Example 8L N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 589.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1177.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₄₀N₂O₇+H+, 589.29083; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 589.28932.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 367.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 367.22275; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 367.22308.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 547.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1093.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₆+H+, 547.28026; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 547.280241.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 491.2; MS (ESI) m/z 981.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₆+H+, 491.21766; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.21697.

Example 8M N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 559.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1117.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₆+H+, 559.28026; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 559.27899.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 337.1; MS (ESI) m/z 673.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 337.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 337.21196.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 517.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 517.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.26875.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.2; MS (ESI) m/z 921.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.2062.

Example 8N N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-naphthylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(1-naphthylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 565.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1129.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 565.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 565.26849.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(1-naphthylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 343.1; MS (ESI) m/z 685.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₀H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 343.20162; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 343.2014.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-naphthylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 523.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1045.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 523.25913; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 523.2583.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-naphthylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 467.2; MS (ESI) m/z 933.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 467.19653; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 467.19528.

Example 8O N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 529.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 529.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.26804.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 307.1; MS (ESI) m/z 613.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 307.20162; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 307.20079.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 487.25913; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 487.25842.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 431.19653; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 431.19568.

Example 8P N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2-furylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(2-furylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 505.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₆+H+, 505.23331; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 505.23263.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2-furylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₄H₂₂N₂O₄+H+, 283.16523; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 283.16497.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-furylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 463.22275; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 463.22212.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2-furylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₅+H+, 407.16015; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 407.15957.

Example 8Q N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 545.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1089.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 545.26461; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 545.26286.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 323.3; MS (ESI) m/z 645.7; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 323.19653; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 323.19687.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 503.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1005.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 503.25405; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.25322.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 447.2; MS (ESI) m/z 893.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₅+H+, 447.19145; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 447.19079.

Example 8R N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 605.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1209.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₄₀N₂O₈+H+, 605.28574; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 605.28453.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 383.1; MS (ESI) m/z 765.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₃₀N₂O₆+H+, 383.21766; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 383.21755.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 563.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1125.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₇+H+, 563.27518; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 563.2744.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 507.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1013.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₇+H+, 507.21258; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 507.21179.

Example 8S N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 583.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₂Cl₂N₂O₅+H+, 583.17610; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 583.1742.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 361.1; MS (ESI) m/z 721.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₂Cl₂N₂O₃+H+, 361.10802; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 361.10891.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 541.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1081.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀Cl₂N₂O₄+H+, 541.16554; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 541.16693.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 483.1; MS (ESI) m/z 967.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₂Cl₂N₂O₄+H+, 485.10294; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 485.10231.

Example 8T N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 599.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1197.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₃F₃N₂O₆+H+, 599.23635; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 599.23521.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 377.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₃F₃N₂O₄+H+, 377.16827; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 377.16901.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 557.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1113.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁F₃N₂O₅+H+, 557.22578; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 557.22537.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 501.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₃F₃N₂O₅+H+, 501.16318; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.16263.

Example 8U N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 599.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1197.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₃F₃N₂O₆+H+, 599.23635; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 599.23596.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 377.1; MS (ESI) m/z 753.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₃F₃N₂O₄+H+, 377.16827; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 377.1691.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 557.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1113.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁F₃N₂O₅+H+, 557.22578; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 557.22558.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 499.1; MS (ESI) m/z 999.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₃F₃N₂O₅+H+, 501.16318; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.16265.

Example 8V N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(methylthio)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[4-(methylthio)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 561.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1121.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₅S+H+, 561.24177; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 561.24183.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[4-(methylthio)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 339.2; MS (ESI) m/z 677.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₃S+H+, 339.17369; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 339.1748.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(methylthio)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 519.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₄S+H+, 519.23120; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.23078.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(methylthio)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.1; MS (ESI) m/z 923.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₄S+H+, 463.16860; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 463.16807.

Example 8W N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-phenoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(4-phenoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 607.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1213.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₈N₂O₆+H+, 607.28026; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 607.27904.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-phenoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 385.2; MS (ESI) m/z 769.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 385.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 385.21141.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-phenoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 565.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1129.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 565.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 565.27062.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-phenoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 507.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1015.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 509.20710; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.20657.

Example 8X N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 559.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1117.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₆+H+, 559.28026; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 559.28074.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 337.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 337.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 337.21275.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 517.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.27068.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.2; MS (ESI) m/z 921.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20723.

Example 8Y N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-N-2-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 575.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1149.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₇+H+, 575.27518; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.275181.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 353.2; MS (ESI) m/z 705.4; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 353.20710; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 353.20767.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 533.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1065.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 533.26461; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.26569.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.2; MS (ESI) m/z 953.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₆+H+, 477.20201; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.2019.

Example 8Z N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(2-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 545.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 545.26461; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 545.26356.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 323.2; MS (ESI) m/z 645.4; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 323.19653; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 323.19657.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 503.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1005.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 503.25405; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.2546.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 447.2; MS (ESI) m/z 893.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₅+H+, 447.19145; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 447.19143.

Example 8AA N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 551.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₂F₂N₂O₅+H+, 551.23521; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 551.23338.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 329.1; MS (ESI) m/z 657.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₂F₂N₂O₃+H+, 329.16712; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 329.16762.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 509.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1017.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀F₂N₂O₄+H+, 509.22464; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.22463.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 451.1; MS (ESI) m/z 903.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₂F₂N₂O₄+H+, 453.16204; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.16222.

Example 8BB N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 583.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1165.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₂Cl₂N₂O₅+H+, 583.17610; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 583.17528.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 361.1; MS (ESI) m/z 721.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₂Cl₂N₂O₃+H+, 361.10802; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 361.10861.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 541.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1081.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀Cl₂N₂O₄+H+, 541.16554; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 541.16685.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 483.1; MS (ESI) m/z 967.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₂Cl₂N₂O₄+H+, 485.10294; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 485.10288.

Example 8CC N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 575.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₇+H+, 575.27518; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.27468.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 353.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 353.20710; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 353.20732.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 533.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1065.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 533.26461; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.26474.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.2; MS (ESI) m/z 953.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₆+H+, 477.20201; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.202.

Example 8DD N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 543.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1085.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 543.28535; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.28604.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 321.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 321.21727; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 321.21716.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.2735.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.2; MS (ESI) m/z 889.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21199.

Example 8EE N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(2-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 529.26970; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.27003.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 307.2; MS (ESI) m/z 613.4; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 307.20162; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 307.20094.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 487.2; MS (ESI) m/z 973.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 487.25913; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 487.2588.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 431.2; MS (ESI) m/z 861.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 431.19653; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 431.1966.

Example 8FF N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 543.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 543.28535; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.2847.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 321.2; MS (ESI) m/z 641.4; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 321.21727; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 321.2167.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.2742.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.2121.

Example 8GG N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 541.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1081.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 541.26970; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 541.27088.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 319.1; MS (ESI) m/z 637.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 319.20162; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 319.20275.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 499.2; MS (ESI) m/z 997.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 499.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.258.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 441.2; MS (ESI) m/z 883.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19699.

Example 8HH N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 543.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1085.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 543.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.28623.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 321.2; MS (ESI) m/z 641.4; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 321.21727; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 321.2186.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 501.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.27629.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 443.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21354.

Example 8^(II) N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-phenylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(4-phenylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 557.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1113.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 557.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 557.30162.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-phenylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 335.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₃₀N₂O₃+H+, 335.23292; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 335.23453.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-phenylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 515.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1029.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 515.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 515.29152.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-phenylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 459.2; MS (ESI) m/z 917.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 459.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 459.22972.

Example 8JJ N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 641.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1281.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₃IN₂O₅+H+, 641.15070; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 641.15111.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 419.1; MS (ESI) m/z 837.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₃IN₂O₃+H+, 419.08262; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 419.08459.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 599.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1197.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁IN₂O₄+H+, 599.14013; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 599.1414.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 543.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1085.1; MS (ESI) m/z 601.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃IN₂O₄+H+, 543.07753; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.07723.

Example 8KK N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 571.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1141.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₄₂N₂O₅+H+, 571.31665; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 571.31581.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 349.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₀H₃₂N₂O₃+H+, 349.24857; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 349.2489.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₂O₄+H+, 529.30608; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.30622.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 473.2; MS (ESI) m/z 945.3; MS (ESI) m/z 531.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 473.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 473.24348.

Example 8LL N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 641.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1281.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₃IN₂O₅+H+, 641.15070; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 641.15129.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 419; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₃IN₂O₃+H+, 419.08262; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 419.08332.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 599; MS (ESI) m/z 1197; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁IN₂O₄+H+, 599.14013; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 599.1407.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 543; MS (ESI) m/z 1085; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃IN₂O₄+H+, 543.07753; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.07755.

Example 8MM N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 495.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 495.28535; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.28577.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 273.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₄H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 273.21727; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 273.21738.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 453.2; MS (ESI) m/z 905.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 453.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.27627.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 397.2; MS (ESI) m/z 793.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 397.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 397.2139.

Example 8NN N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 591.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1181.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₉ClN₂O₅+H+, 591.26203; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 591.26263.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 369.1; MS (ESI) m/z 737.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₂₉ClN₂O₃+H+, 369.19395; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 369.19351.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 549.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1097.2; RMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₇ClN₂O₄+H+, 549.25146; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 549.25189.

Step D: ²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 493.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉ClN₂O₄+H+, 493.18886; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.1895.

Example 8OO N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 575.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1149.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₉FN₂O₅+H+, 575.29158; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.29261.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 353.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₂₉FN₂O₃+H+, 353.22350; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 353.22526.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 533.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1065.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₇FN₂O₄+H+, 533.28101; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.28063.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.2; MS (ESI) m/z 953.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₂O₄+H+, 477.21841; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.21783.

Example 8PP N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 557.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 557.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 557.2994.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 335.1; MS (ESI) m/z 669.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₃₀N₂O₃+H+, 335.23292; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 335.23259.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 515.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1029.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 515.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 515.29018.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 459.1; MS (ESI) m/z 917.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 459.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 459.22858.

Example 8QQ N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 525.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1049.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₆+H+, 525.29591; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 525.29528.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 303.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₅H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 303.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 303.22747.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 483.3; MS (ESI) m/z 965.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 483.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.28364.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-isopropoxypropyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 427.2; MS (ESI) m/z 853.4; MS (ESI) m/z 449.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 427.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 427.22227.

Example 8RR N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 495.2; MS (ESI) m/z 989.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 495.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.28729.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-methylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 273.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₄H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 273.21727; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 273.21718.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 453.3; MS (ESI) m/z 905.5; MS (ESI) m/z 475.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 453.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.27427.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 397.2; MS (ESI) m/z 793.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 397.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 397.21129.

Example 8SS N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 547.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1093.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₅FN₂O₅+H+, 547.26028; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 547.26067.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 325.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₅FN₂O₃+H+, 325.19220; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 325.19212.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 505.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1009.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃FN₂O₄+H+, 505.24971; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 505.25021.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 449.1; MS (ESI) m/z 897.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅FN₂O₄+H+, 449.18711; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 449.18705.

Example 8TT N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 547.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1093.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₅FN₂O₅+H+, 547.26028; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 547.26138.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 325.1; MS (ESI) m/z 649.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₅FN₂O₃+H+, 325.19220; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 325.19217.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 505.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1009.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃FN₂O₄+H+, 505.24971; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 505.2497.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 449.1; MS (ESI) m/z 897.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅FN₂O₄+H+, 449.18711; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 449.18744.

Example 8UU N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 563.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1125.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₅ClN₂O₅+Na+, 585.21267; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 585.21454.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 341.1; MS (ESI) m/z 681.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₅ClN₂O₃+H+, 341.16265; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 341.16311.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 521.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1041.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃ClN₂O₄+Na+, 543.20210; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 543.20393.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 463.1; MS (ESI) m/z 927.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅ClN₂O₄+H+, 465.15756; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.15776.

Example 8VV N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 563.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1125.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₅ClN₂O₅+H+, 563.23073; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 563.23042.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 341.2; MS (ESI) m/z 681.3; MS (ESI) m/z 703.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₅ClN₂O₃+H+, 341.16265; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 341.16301.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 521.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1041.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃ClN₂O₄+H+, 521.22016; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 521.22075.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 465; MS (ESI) m/z 487; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅ClN₂O₄+H+, 465.15756; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.15834.

Example 8WW N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 535.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1069.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅S+H+, 535.22612; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.22756.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 313.1; MS (ESI) m/z 625.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₅H₂₄N₂O₃S+H+, 313.15804; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 313.15788.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 493.2; MS (ESI) m/z 985.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₂N₂O₄S+H+, 493.21555; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.21561.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 437.1; MS (ESI) m/z 873.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₄N₂O₄S+H+, 437.15295; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 437.15163.

Example 8XX N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 533.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₃FN₂O₅+H+, 533.24463; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.2447.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 311.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₃FN₂O₃+H+, 311.17655; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 311.1764.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 491.2; MS (ESI) m/z 981.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁FN₂O₄+H+, 491.23406; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.2339.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 435.1; MS (ESI) m/z 869.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃FN₂O₄+H+, 435.17146; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 435.1712.

Example 8YY N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS m/z 03-305496LMS; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₅ClN₂O₅+H+, 563.23073; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 563.2309.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 341.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₅ClN₂O₃+H+, 341.16265; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 341.1611.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 521.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1041.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃ClN₂O₄+H+, 521.22016; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 521.22136.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI−) m/z 463.2; MS (ESI−) m/z 197; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅ClN₂O₄+H+, 465.15756; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.15709.

Example 8ZZ N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(2-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 533.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1065.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₃FN₂O₅+H+, 533.24463; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.24461.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 311.1; MS (ESI) m/z 621.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₃FN₂O₃+H+, 311.17655; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 311.1762.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 491.1; MS (ESI) m/z 981.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁FN₂O₄+H+, 491.23406; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.23526.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI−) m/z 433.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃FN₂O₄+H+, 435.17146; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 435.17161.

Example 8AAA N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 551.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₂F₂N₂O₅+H+, 551.23521; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 551.23407.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 329; MS (ESI) m/z 657.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₂F₂N₂O₃+H+, 329.16712; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 329.1664.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 509.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1017.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀F₂N₂O₄+H+, 509.22464; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.22485.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI−) m/z 451.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₂F₂N₂O₄+H+, 453.16204; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.1614.

Example 8BBB N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(sec-butyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(sec-butyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 481.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 481.26970; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 481.26966.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(sec-butyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 259.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 259.20162; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 259.20164.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(sec-butyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 439.2; MS (ESI) m/z 877.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 439.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.25972.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(sec-butyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 383.1; MS (ESI) m/z 765.3; MS (ESI) m/z 441.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 383.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 383.19745.

Example 8CCC N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(cyclopropylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(cyclopropylmethyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 479.2; MS (ESI) m/z 957.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 479.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 479.25563.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(cyclopropylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 257.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₂₄N₂O₃+H+, 257.18597; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 257.18608.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(cyclopropylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 437.2; MS (ESI) m/z 873.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 437.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 437.24446.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(cyclopropylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 381.1; MS (ESI) m/z 761.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 381.18088; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 381.18186.

Example 8DDD N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 538.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₉N₃O₆+H+, 538.29116; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 538.29233.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 496.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₇N₃O₅+H+, 496.28060; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 496.28079.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 440.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₉N₃O₅+H+, 440.21800; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 440.21827.

Example 8EEE N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N′,N¹-diethyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹,N¹-diethyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 481.3; MS (ESI) m/z 961.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₅+Na+, 503.25164; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 503.25163.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹,N¹-diethyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 259.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 259.20162; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 259.20149.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹,N¹-diethyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 439.2; MS (ESI) m/z 877.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 439.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.26093.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹,N¹-diethyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 383.2; MS (ESI) m/z 765.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 383.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 383.19675.

Example 8FFF N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 529.26970; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.2693.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 307.20162; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 307.2011.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 487.2; MS (ESI) m/z 973.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 487.25913; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 487.2588.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 431.2; MS (ESI) m/z 861.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 431.19653; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 431.1963.

Example 8GGG N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 583.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₃F₃N₂O₅+H+, 583.24143; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 583.2409.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₃F₃N₂O₃+H+, 361.17335; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 361.173.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 541.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1081.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁F₃N₂O₄+H+, 541.23087; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 541.2301.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 485.2; MS (ESI) m/z 969.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₃F₃N₂O₄+H+, 485.16827; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 485.1682.

Example 8HHH N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 583.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₃F₃N₂O₅+H+, 583.24143; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 583.24162.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₃F₃N₂O₃+H+, 361.17335; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 361.1725.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 541.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1081.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁F₃N₂O₄+H+, 541.23087; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 541.23091.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 485; MS (ESI) m/z 969; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₃F₃N₂O₄+H+, 485.16827; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 485.168.

Example 8III N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(4-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 529.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.26796.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 307.20162; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 307.20274.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(4-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 487.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 487.25856.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 431.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 431.19627.

Example 8JJJ N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-heptyl-1-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-heptyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 523.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1045.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₄₂N₂O₅+H+, 523.31665; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 523.31783.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-heptyl-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₃₂N₂O₃+H+, 301.24857; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 301.2499.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-heptyl-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₄₀N₂O₄+H+, 481.30608; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 481.30706.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-heptyl-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 425.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 425.24417.

Example 8KKK N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 607.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₅BrN₂O₅+H+, 607.18021; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 607.18182.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 385; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₅BrN₂O₃+H+, 385.11213; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 385.11309.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 565.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1129.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃BrN₂O₄+H+, 565.16965; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 565.17.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 507.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅BrN₂O₄+H+, 509.10705; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.10906.

Example 8LLL N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 509.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1017.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 509.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.30165.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 467.3; MS (ESI) m/z 933.5; MS (ESI) m/z 489.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 467.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 467.29134.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 411.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 411.22929.

Example 8MMM N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(3-bromophenyl)ethyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 607.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1213.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₅BrN₂O₅+H+, 607.18021; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 607.18017.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(3-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 385.1; MS (ESI) m/z 769.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₅BrN₂O₃+H+, 385.11213; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 385.11175.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃BrN₂O₄+H+, 565.16965; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 565.16854.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅BrN₂O₄+H+, 509.10705; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.10648.

Example 8NNN N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 601.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1201.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₂F₄N₂O₅+H+, 601.23201; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 601.23172.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₇H₂₂F₄N₂O₃+H+, 379.16393; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 379.16566.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₀F₄N₂O₄+H+, 559.22145; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 559.22077.

Step D: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₂F₄N₂O₄+H+, 503.15885; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.1582.

Example 8OOO N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 619.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1237.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₉H₄₂N₂O₅+H+, 619.31665; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 619.31658.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₄+H+, 577.30608; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 577.30483.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 521.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 521.24166.

Example 8PPP N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-isopropyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-isopropyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 467.2; MS (ESI) m/z 933.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₅+Na+, 489.23599; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 489.23577.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-isopropyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 425.2; MS (ESI) m/z 447.2; MS (ESI) m/z 871.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₄+Na⁺, 447.22543; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 447.22701.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-isopropyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 367.2; MS (ESI) m/z 735.3; MS (ESI) m/z 481.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₄+Na+, 391.16283; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 391.16451.

Example 8QQQ N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 516.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃N₃O₅+H+, 516.24930; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 516.24875.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 474.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₄+H+, 474.23873; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 474.24265.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₃N₃O₄+H+, 418.17613; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 418.17812.

Example 8RRR N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-pentyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-pentyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 495.2; MS (ESI) m/z 989.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₅+Na+, 517.26729; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 517.26785.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-pentyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 273.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₄H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 273.21727; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 273.21761.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-pentyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 453.2; MS (ESI) m/z 905.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 453.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.27694.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-pentyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 397.2; MS (ESI) m/z 793.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 397.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 397.2136.

Example 8SSS N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(tert-butyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(tert-butyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 481.2; MS (ESI) m/z 961.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 481.26970; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 481.27074.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(tert-butyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 259.1; MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₂₆N₂O₃+H+, 259.20162; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 259.20174.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(tert-butyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 439.2; MS (ESI) m/z 877.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 439.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.25922.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(tert-butyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 383.2; MS (ESI) m/z 765.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 383.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 383.19812.

Example 8TTT N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 543.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1085.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 543.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.28707.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 321.1; MS (ESI) m/z 641.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 321.21727; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 321.21716.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 501.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.27462.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21311.

Example 8UUU N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 495.2; MS (ESI) m/z 989.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 495.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.2859.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 453.2; MS (ESI) m/z 905.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 453.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.2764.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 397.1; MS (ESI) m/z 793.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 397.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 397.21242.

Example 8VVV N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 509.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1017.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 509.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.30265.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₅H₃₀N₂O₃+H+, 287.23292; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 287.23282.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 467.2; MS (ESI) m/z 933.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 467.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 467.29169.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 411.1; MS (ESI) m/z 821.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 411.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 411.22833.

Example 8WWW N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(5-hydroxypentyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(5-hydroxypentyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 511.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1021.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₆+H+, 511.28026; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 511.28078.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(5-hydroxypentyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₄H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 289.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 289.21245.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(5-hydroxypentyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 469.26970; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 469.27133.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(5-hydroxypentyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 413.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 413.20657.

Example 8XXX N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 525.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1049.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₆+Na+, 547.27786; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 547.27869.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₅H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 303.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 303.22841.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 483.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.28725.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 427.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 427.22304.

Example 8YYY N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 467.1; MS (ESI) m/z 933.1; MS (ESI) m/z 955.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 467.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 467.25527.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-propyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 245.1; MS (ESI) m/z 489.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₂H₂₄N₂O₃+H+, 245.18597; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 245.1861.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 425.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 425.24455.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₁H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 369.18088; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 369.18091.

Example 8ZZZ N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹M-[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 558.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₉N₃O₅+H+, 558.29625; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 558.29668.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 336.2; MS (ESI) m/z 671.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₉N₃O₃+H+, 336.22817; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 336.22836.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 516.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₇N₃O₄+H+, 516.28568; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 516.28631.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 460.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₄+H+, 460.22308; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 460.22347.

Example 8AAAA N¹-(4-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(4-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 560.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1119.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₃N₃O₇+H+, 560.23913; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 560.23944.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(4-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 338.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₃N₃O₅+H+, 338.17105; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 338.17116.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 518.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1035.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁N₃O₆+H+, 518.22856; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 518.22861.

Step C′: Reductive alkylation of tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate with 30% formalin in water and 10% Pd/C gave tert-butyl N¹-(4-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 488.2; MS (ESI) m/z 975.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₃O₄+H+, 488.25438; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 488.2542.

Step D: N¹-(4-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 432.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₅N₃O₄+H+, 432.19178; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 432.1915.

Example 8BBBB N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 560.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1119.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₃N₃O₇+H+, 560.23913; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 560.23892.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 338.1; MS (ESI) m/z 675.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₆H₂₃N₃O₅+H+, 338.17105; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 338.17102.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 518.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1035.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁N₃O₆+H+, 518.22856; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 518.22868.

Step C′: Reductive alkylation of tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate 30% formalin and 10% Pd/C gave tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 516.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₇N₃O₄+H+, 516.28568; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 516.28548.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 460.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₄+H+, 460.22308; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 460.22304.

Example 8CCCC N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-nitrobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 462.2; MS (ESI) m/z 923.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃N₃O₆+H+, 462.16596; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 462.16599.

Example 8DDDD N¹-(3-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₅N₃O₄+H+, 432.19178; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 432.1917.

Example 8EEEE N¹-benzyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 458 (M-tBut).

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 293.

Step C: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 473.

Step D: N¹-benzyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 417.

Example 8FFFF N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutaminate

Described as above according to the procedure of Example 7, except Fmoc-D-Glu-(OtBu)-OH was used as starting material for the first step. HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₉FN₂O₅+H+, 575.29158; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.2927.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₂₉FN₂O₃+H+, 353.22350; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 353.22483.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₇FN₂O₄+H+, 533.28101; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.28347.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.1; MS (ESI) m/z 499; MS (ESI) m/z 953.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₂O₄+H+, 477.21841; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.21815.

Example 8GGGG N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-α-glutaminate

Described as above according to the procedure of Example 7, except Fmoc-DL-Glu-(OtBu)-OH (racemic mixture) was used as starting material for the first step. HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₉FN₂O₅+H+, 575.29158; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.29217.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₂₉FN₂O₃+H+, 353.22350; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 353.22429.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₇FN₂O₄+H+, 533.28101; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.28268.

Step D: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.1; MS (ESI) m/z 953.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₂O₄+H+, 477.21841; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.21805.

Example 8HHHH 4-Benzylcarbamoyl-4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino-butyric acid tert-butyric acid Step C: 4-Benzylcarbamoyl-4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino-butyric acid tert-butyl ester

MS (ESI) m/z 488.

Step D: 4-Benzylcarbamoyl-4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-benzoylamino-butyric acid tert-butyric acid

MS (ESI) m/z 432.

Example 8IIII N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N⁴-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

1,9(Fmoc)L-glutamic acid -tert-butylester monohydrate (1.33 g, 3.00 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (8 mL) under nitrogen. BOP (1.33 g, 3.00 mmol) was added as a solid, followed by 3-phenyl-1-propylamine (427 mL, 3 mmol). Finally DIEA (627 mL, 3.6 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was monitored by TLC, and stirred for 24 hrs. The reaction mixture was then added to stirring H₂O (400 mL). After stirring for 1 hour, clumps of white solid were formed. The clumps were broken up with a spatula and stirred for an additional 30 minutes. The solid was filtered and washed with H₂O. The solid was then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and dried with Na₂SO4. The solution was filtered and concentrated, leaving a white solid. The solid was dissolved in minimal acetone and hexanes were added. The solvents were then removed and the white solid was dried under vacuum. Yield 1.58 g of tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate at 97% yield.

MS (ESI) m/z 543.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 543.2853; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.2847.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate (1.5 g, 2.76 mmol) was partially dissolved in CH₃CN (15 mL). DEA (2.9 mL, 27.6 mmol) was added, which was fully dissolved within 10 minutes. The reaction was monitored by TLC and was complete at 2 hrs. The solvent was removed and the remaining material dried under vacuum. The material was purified on a short silica column using 5% Acetone/CH₂Cl₂ to elute the Fmoc by-product and then 50% Acetone/CH₂Cl₂ to elute the product. The clear oil present at the end was dried shortly under vacuum, and then taken to the next step immediately. It was never fully solvent free so the yield of tert-butyl N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate was 1.65 g, and was assumed to be quantitative. MS (ESI) m/z 321.2; MS (ESI) m/z 641.4; HRMS: calcd for C₁₈H₂₈N₂O₃+H+, 321.2173; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 321.2167.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate (350 mg, 1.09 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (5 mL), in a 20 mL vial under nitrogen. 2-Fluorenecarboxylic acid (229 mg, 1.09 mmol) and BOP (530 mg, 1.20 mmol) were added as solids and dissolved. Finally DIEA (228 mL, 1.31 mmol) was added, and the reaction stirred overnight. Monitored by TLC, the reaction was complete after stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was added to H₂O (100 mL), precipitating a pale yellow solid. The solid was filtered and dried in a dessicator overnight. Once dry, the solid was taken up in a small amount of acetone, and hexanes were added to precipitate a pale yellow solid. The solid was filtered, washed with hexanes and dried in a dessicator. Yield 293 mg of tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate at 52% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 513.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1025.6; MS (ESI) m/z 535.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 513.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 513.2766.

Step D: N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

Tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate (273 mg, 0.533 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL). TFA (1.23 mL, 16.0 mmol) was diluted in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) and was then slowly added to the first solution. The reaction was monitored by TLC and complete at 2 hrs. The solvent was removed with a nitrogen blower and the remaining yellow oil dried under vacuum. The yellow oil was then dissolved in minimal acetone and hexanes was added precipitating a white solid. The solid was filtered, washed with hexanes and then dried under vacuum. The reaction yielded 194 mg of N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine at an 80% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 457.3; MS (ESI) m/z 913.5.

Example 8JJJJ N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 513.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1025.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 513.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 513.27653.

Step D: N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 457.3; MS (ESI) m/z 913.5; MS (ESI) m/z 479.3.

Example 8KKKK N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 605.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1209.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₄₀N₂O₈+H+, 605.28574; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 605.28453.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 383.1; MS (ESI) m/z 765.3; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₃₀N₂O₆+H+, 383.21766; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 383.21755.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 575.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1149.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₇+H+, 575.27518; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.27604.

Step D: N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀N₂O₇+H+, 519.21258; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.2133.

Example 8LLLL N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 575.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1149.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₈N₂O₇+H+, 575.27518; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.2761.

Step D: N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.6; MS (ESI) m/z 541.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀N₂O₇+H+, 519.21258; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.21329.

Example 8MMMM N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 589.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1177.7; MS (ESI) m/z 606.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₆N₂O₈+H+, 589.25444; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 589.25507.

Step D: N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 531.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1063.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₂₈N₂O₈+H+, 533.19184; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.19236.

Example 8NNNN N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 579.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1157.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₈+H+, 579.27009; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 579.2719.

Step D: N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 523.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1045.5.

Example 8OOOO N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine

Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(9H-fluoren-9-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 509.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1017.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 509.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.30265.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₁₅H₃₀N₂O₃+H+, 287.23292; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 287.23282.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 479.1; MS (ESI) m/z 979.2; MS (ESI) m/z 501.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 479.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 479.29145.

Step D: N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 423.3; MS (ESI) m/z 845.6; MS (ESI) m/z 445.3.

Example 8PPPP N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 479.1; MS (ESI) m/z 957.3; MS (ESI) m/z 979.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 479.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 479.29145.

Step D: N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 423.3; MS (ESI) m/z 845.5; MS (ESI) m/z 445.3.

Example 8QQQQ N¹-hexyl-N-2-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N¹-hexyl-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 483.1; MS (ESI) m/z 965.3; MS (ESI) m/z 987.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 483.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.28715.

Step D: N¹-hexyl-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 427.3; MS (ESI) m/z 853.5; MS (ESI) m/z 449.3.

Example 8RRRR N¹-hexyl-N-2-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N¹-hexyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 493.1; MS (ESI) m/z 985.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 493.26970; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.27119.

Step D: N¹-hexyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 437.3; MS (ESI) m/z 873.5; MS (ESI) m/z 1309.8.

Example 8SSSS N²-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine Step C: tert-butyl N²-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 501.2; MS (ESI) m/z 523.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 501.23840; found (ESI+, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.23859.

Step D: N²-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₄N₂O₅+H+, 445.17580; found (ESI+, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.17619.

Example 8TTTT N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 443.2; MS (ESI) m/z 885.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₃₀N₂O₆+H+, 443.21766; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.21905.

Example 8UUUU N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 437.3; MS (ESI) m/z 551.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 439.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.22374.

Example 8VVVV N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.2; MS (ESI) m/z 536.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀N₂O₇+H+, 519.21258; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.213.

Example 8WWWW N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 523.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1045.2; MS (ESI) m/z 545.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₈+H+, 523.20749; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 523.20712.

Example 8XXXX N²-(9H-fluoren-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀N₂O₇+H+, 519.21258; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.21308.

Example 8YYYY N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 485.3; MS (ESI) m/z 971.6; MS (ESI) m/z 521.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 487.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 487.22272.

Example 8ZZZZ N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.1; MS (ESI) m/z 953.3; MS (ESI) m/z 499.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 477.23840; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.23857.

Example 8AAAAA N¹-adamantyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 473.3; MS (ESI) m/z 945.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 473.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 473.24374.

Example 8BBBBB N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 471.3; MS (ESI) m/z 585.3; MS (ESI) m/z 943.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 473.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 473.2437.

Example 8CCCCC N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.1974.

Example 8DDDDD N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₄N₂O₅+H+, 457.17580; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 457.17616.

Example 8EEEEE N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19709.

Example 8FFFFF N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 381.18088; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 381.18117.

Example 8GGGGG 4-[(9H-fluoren-9-carbonyl)-amino]-4-propylcarbamoyl-butyric acid

MS (ESI) m/z 395.1; MS (ESI) m/z 789.2; MS (ESI) m/z 811.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 381.18088; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 395.16097.

Example 8HHHHH 4-[(9-Oxo-9H-fluorene-2-carbonyl)-amino]-4-propylcarbamoyl-butyric acid

MS (ESI) m/z 381.1; MS (ESI) m/z 403.1; MS (ESI) m/z 761.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₂N₂O₅+H+, 395.16015; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 381.18165.

Example 8IIIII N¹-benzyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 441.2; MS (ESI) m/z 883.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₂N₂O₅+H+, 443.16015; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.16063.

Example 8JJJJJ N¹-benzyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 427.2; MS (ESI) m/z 855.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 429.18088; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 429.18148.

Example 8KKKKK N¹-benzyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 429; MS (ESI) m/z 857; MS (ESI) m/z 451; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 429.18088; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 429.1815.

Example 8LLLLL N¹-benzyl-N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 433; MS (ESI) m/z 455; MS (ESI) m/z 865; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₄N₂O₅+H+, 433.17580; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 433.17696.

Example 8MMMMM N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 471.2; MS (ESI) m/z 941.5; MS (ESI) m/z 493.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₆N₂O₅+H+, 471.19145; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 471.19271.

Example 8NNNNN N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 455.1; MS (ESI) m/z 911.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 457.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 457.214.

Example 8OOOOO N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.2; MS (ESI) m/z 921.5; MS (ESI) m/z 483.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20882.

Example 8PPPPP N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 431.2; MS (ESI) m/z 861.4; MS (ESI) m/z 453.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 431.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 431.19802.

Example 8QQQQQ N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 443.2; MS (ESI) m/z 885.4; MS (ESI) m/z 465.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19772.

Example 8RRRRR N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N1-[(1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 449.2; MS (ESI) m/z 897.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅FN₂O₄+H+, 449.18711; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 449.18839.

Example 8SSSSS tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS(ESI) m/z 505.3.

Example 8TTTTT N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 449.2; MS (ESI) m/z 897.5; MS (ESI) m/z 471.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅FN₂O₄+H+, 449.18711; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 449.18679.

Example 8UUUUU N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-L-2-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 431.2; MS (ESI) m/z 861.5; MS (ESI) m/z 453.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 431.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 431.19828.

Example 8VVVVV N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 443.2; MS (ESI) m/z 885.5; MS (ESI) m/z 465.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19676.

Example 8WWWWW N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 437.3; MS (ESI) m/z 875.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 439.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.22313.

Example 8XXXXX N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 453.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₈N₂O₆+H+, 453.20201; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.2027.

Example 8YYYYY N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-9H-fluoren-9-yl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 489.1; MS (ESI) m/z 979.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 491.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.19778.

Example 8ZZZZZ N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 489.2; MS (ESI) m/z 977.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₂₉FN₂O₄+H+, 489.21841; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 489.21827.

Example 8AAAAAA N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 475.2; MS (ESI) m/z 949.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 475.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 475.25916.

Example 8BBBBBB N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 473.2; MS (ESI) m/z 945.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 473.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 473.2073.

Example 8CCCCCC N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.4; MS (ESI) m/z 889.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21312.

Example 8DDDDDD N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 457.4; MS (ESI) m/z 913.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 457.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 457.21146.

Example 8EEEEEE N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-butyl-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 397.2; MS (ESI) m/z 793.4; MS (ESI) m/z 419.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 397.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 397.21249.

Example 8FFFFFF N-butyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 409.3; MS (ESI) m/z 817.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 409.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 409.21227.

Example 8GGGGGG N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 505.3; MS (ESI) m/z 527.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1009.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₆+H+, 505.23331; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 505.23512.

Example 8HHHHHH N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 521.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1041.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₂₉FN₂O₆+H+, 521.20824; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 521.20872.

Example 8IIIIII N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-L-αglutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₂N₂O₆+H+, 517.23331; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.23342.

Example 8JJJJJJ N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(2R)-2-phenylpropyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 457.2; MS (ESI) m/z 913.3; MS (ESI) m/z 479.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 457.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 457.21246.

Example 8KKKKKK N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(2R)-2-phenylpropyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.2; MS (ESI) m/z 889.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21285.

Example 8LLLLLL N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-glutamamide

MS (ESI) m/z 476.2; MS (ESI) m/z 951.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀FN₃O₃+H+, 476.23440; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 476.23543.

Example 8MMMMMM N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.2; MS (ESI) m/z 921.4; MS (ESI) m/z 943.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20748.

Example 8NNNNNN N¹-benzyl-N-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 419.1; MS (ESI) m/z 837.2; HRMS: calcd for C₁₉H₁₉BrN₂O₄+H+, 419.06009; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 419.05998.

Example 8OOOOOO N¹-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl]-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 410.2; MS (ESI) m/z 821.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₅N₃O₅+H+, 412.18670; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 412.18628.

Example 8PPPPPP N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylacetyl)-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

The title compound was prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 7, except biphenylacetic acid was used. MS (ESI) m/z 461.2; MS (ESI) m/z 921.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20514.

Example 8QQQQQQ N¹-(2-benzylphenyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI−) m/z 491.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 493.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.21319.

Example 8RRRRRR N²-2-naphthoyl-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 419.1; MS (ESI) m/z 837.1; MS (ESI) m/z 441.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 419.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 419.19678.

Example 8SSSSSS N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 471.3; MS (ESI) m/z 941.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₆N₂O₅+H+, 471.19145; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 471.19142.

Example 8TTTTTT N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-N-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20673.

Example 8UUUUUU N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS m/z 02-101699GMS.

Example 8VVVVVV N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 439.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 439.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 439.22379.

Example 8WWWWWW N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 561.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1121.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆BrFN₂O₄S+H+, 561.08534; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 561.08472.

Example 8XXXXXX N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.5; MS (ESI) m/z 539.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.13517.

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.6; MS (ESI) m/z 539.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.13686.

Example 8YYYYYY N²[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 513.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1025.7; MS (ESI) m/z 535.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇F₃N₂O₄+H+, 513.19957; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 513.19837.

MS (ESI) m/z 513.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1025.8; MS (ESI) m/z 535.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇F₃N₂O₄+H+, 513.19957; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 513.20152.

Example 8ZZZZZZ N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇ClF₂N₂O₄+H+, 529.17002; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.16931.

Example 8AAAAAAA N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[(2′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇ClF₂N₂O₄+H+, 529.17002; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.16951.

Example 8BBBBBBB N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N-2-[(2′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.5; MS (ESI) m/z 551.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇ClF₂N₂O₄+H+, 529.17002; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.16954.

Example 8CCCCCCC N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,6′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇ClF₂N₂O₄+H+, 529.17002; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.16943.

Example 8DDDDDDD N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.5; MS (ESI) m/z 551.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇ClF₂N₂O₄+H+, 529.17002; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.17191.

Example 8EEEEEEE N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,3′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇ClF₂N₂O₄+H+, 529.17002; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.17167.

Example 8FFFFFFF N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.2; MS (ESI) m/z 921.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₈N₄O₄+H+, 461.21833; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.21863.

Example 8GGGGGGG N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 495.2; MS (ESI) m/z 989.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈F₂N₂O₄+H+, 495.20899; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.21035.

Example 8HHHHHHH N²-[(3′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 495.2; MS (ESI) m/z 989.4; MS (ESI) m/z 517.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈F₂N₂O₄+H+, 495.20899; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.21017.

Example 8IIIIIII N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 533.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1067.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅ClF₂N₂O₄S+H+, 535.12644; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.1267.

Example 8JJJJJJJ N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 499.4; MS (ESI) m/z 997.7; MS (ESI) m/z 521.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₄S+H+, 499.14528; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.14616.

Example 8KKKKKKK N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 557.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1113.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₃Cl₂FN₂O₄S₂+H+, 557.05331; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 557.05439.

Example 8LLLLLLL N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 537.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1073.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₈+H+, 537.22314; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 537.22326.

Example 8MMMMMMM N²-{[4′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 599.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1197.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁BrN₂O₇+H+, 599.13874; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 599.13934.

Example 8NNNNNNN N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 483.3; MS (ESI) m/z 965.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₄S+H+, 483.17483; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.1743.

Example 8OOOOOOO N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 467.3; MS (ESI) m/z 933.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₅+H+, 467.19768; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 467.19704.

Example 8PPPPPPP N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 459.1; MS (ESI) m/z 919.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20822.

Example 8QQQQQQQ N²-{[3′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 459.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20807.

Example 8RRRRRRR N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)benzoyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1035.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁FN₂O₅+H+, 519.22898; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.22989.

Example 8SSSSSSS N²-[(3′-chloro-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₇ClF₂N₂O₄+H+, 529.17002; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.17061.

Example 8TTTTTTT N²-{[3′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 521.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₇BrN₂O₄+H+, 523.12270; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 523.12235.

Example 8UUUUUUU N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(3-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 483.1; MS (ESI) m/z 965.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₄S+H+, 483.17483; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.17572.

Example 8VVVVVVV N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-methyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 495.4; MS (ESI) m/z 991.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉FN₂O₄S+H+, 497.19048; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 497.19118.

Example 8WWWWWWW N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 515.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1031.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.13644.

MS (ESI) m/z 515.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1031.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.13658.

Example 8XXXXXXX N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 497.3; MS (ESI) m/z 995.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₄S+H+, 499.14528; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.14509.

Example 8YYYYYYY N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉ClN₂O₅S+H+, 529.15585; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.15608.

Example 8ZZZZZZZ N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 499.2; MS (ESI) m/z 997.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₄S+H+, 499.14528; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.14644.

Example 8AAAAAAAA N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 505.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1009.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₅ClN₂O₄S₂+H+, 505.10170; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 505.10282.

Example 8BBBBBBBB N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.5; MS (ESI) m/z 1035.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁FN₂O₅+H+, 519.22898; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.22971.

Example 8CCCCCCCC N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[6-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 508.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀FN₃O₅+H+, 508.22423; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 508.22472.

Example 8DDDDDDDD N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 478.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈FN₃O₄+H+, 478.21366; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 478.21435.

Example 8EEEEEEEE N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 483.2; MS (ESI) m/z 965.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₄S+H+, 483.17483; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.17576.

Example 8FFFFFFFF N²-[(3-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 495.3; MS (ESI) m/z 989.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈F₂N₂O₄+H+, 495.20899; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.20963.

Example 8GGGGGGGG N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-pyridin-4-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 500.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆ClN₃O₄S+H+, 500.14053; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 500.13984.

Example 8HHHHHHHH N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 549.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅Cl₂FN₂O₄S+H+, 551.09689; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 551.09834.

Example 8IIIIIIII N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-ran-6-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 535.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1069.8; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₁ClN₂O₅+H+, 535.19943; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.20047.

Example 8JJJJJJJJ N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 500.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆ClN₃O₄S+H+, 500.14053; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 500.1423.

Example 8KKKKKKKK N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 501.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.8; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 501.23840; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.23954.

Example 8LLLLLLLL N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 515.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1031.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.13443.

Example 8MMMMMMMM N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 465.2; MS (ESI) m/z 929.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₄S+H+, 465.18425; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.18402.

Example 8NNNNNNNN N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 495.2; MS (ESI) m/z 989.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₀N₂O₅S+H+, 495.19482; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.1942.

Example 8OOOOOOOO N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 465.2; MS (ESI) m/z 929.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₄S+H+, 465.18425; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.18359.

Example 8PPPPPPPP N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 469.3; MS (ESI) m/z 939.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₆N₂O₄S₂+H+, 471.14067; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 471.1403.

Example 8QQQQQQQQ N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-[(5-pyridin-4-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 466.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₇N₃O₄S+H+, 466.17950; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 466.17836.

Example 8RRRRRRRR N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 466.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₇N₃O₄S+H+, 466.17950; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 466.17912.

Example 8SSSSSSSS N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆Cl₂N₂O₄S+H+, 533.10631; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.10629.

Example 8TTTTTTTT N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 500.3; MS (ESI) m/z 999.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆ClN₃O₄S+H+, 500.14053; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 500.14123.

Example 8UUUUUUUU N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 460.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₄+H+, 460.22308; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 460.22319.

Example 8VVVVVVVV N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 483.3; MS (ESI) m/z 965.6; MS (ESI) m/z 987.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₅+H+, 483.16813; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.16818.

Example 8WWWWWWWW N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 534.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₅Cl₂N₃O₄S+H+, 534.10156; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 534.10123.

Example 8XXXXXXXX N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 494.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈ClN₃O₄+H+, 494.18411; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 494.18423.

Example 8YYYYYYYY N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 513.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1025.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉FN₂O₅S+H+, 513.18540; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 513.18635.

Example 8ZZZZZZZZ N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 484.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆FN₃O₄S+H+, 484.17008; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 484.17109.

Example 8AAAAAAAAA N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 535.2; MS (ESI) m/z 557.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1069.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅ClF₂N₂O₄S+H+, 535.12644; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]⁺), 535.12696.

MS (ESI) m/z 533.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1067.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅ClF₂N₂O₄S+H+, 535.12644; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.12796.

Example 8BBBBBBBBB N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 489.3; MS (ESI) m/z 977.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₅FN₂O₄S₂+H+, 489.13125; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 489.13208.

Example 8CCCCCCCCC N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-formyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 527.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1053.1; MS (ESI) m/z 549; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₇ClN₂O₅S+H+, 527.14020; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 527.14185.

Example 8DDDDDDDDD N²-[4-(5-acetyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 541.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1081.2; MS (ESI) m/z 563.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉ClN₂O₅S+H+, 541.15585; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 541.15471.

Example 8EEEEEEEEE N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 500.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆ClN₃O₄S+H+, 500.14053; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 500.14163.

Example 8FFFFFFFFF N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 466.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₇N₃O₄S+H+, 466.17950; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 466.18052.

Example 8GGGGGGGGG N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 449.3; MS (ESI) m/z 897.6; MS (ESI) m/z 471.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 449.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 449.20772.

Example 8HHHHHHHHH N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[4-(5-formyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 493.3; MS (ESI) m/z 985.6; MS (ESI) m/z 515.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅S+H+, 493.17917; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.18011.

Example 8IIIIIIIII N²-[4-(5-acetyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 507.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1013.7; MS (ESI) m/z 529.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₅S+H+, 507.19482; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 507.19518.

Example 8JJJJJJJJJ N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 533.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1065.5; MS (ESI) m/z 555.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆Cl₂N₂O₄S+H+, 533.10631; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.10835.

Example 8KKKKKKKKK N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[3-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 499.3; MS (ESI) m/z 997.6; MS (ESI) m/z 521.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₄S+H+, 499.14528; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.14679.

Example 8LLLLLLLLL N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 533.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1065.5; MS (ESI) m/z 555.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆Cl₂N₂O₄S+H+, 533.10631; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.10784.

Example 8MMMMMMMMM N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 539.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.13691.

Example 8NNNNNNNNN N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 577.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1153.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆BrClN₂O₄S+H+, 577.05579; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 577.05597.

Example 8OOOOOOOOO N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 543.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1085.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇BrN₂O₄S+H+, 543.09477; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.0965; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇BrN₂O₄S+H+, 543.09477; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 543.09494.

Example 8PPPPPPPPP N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 483.2; MS (ESI) m/z 965.4; MS (ESI) m/z 505.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇FN₂O₄S+H+, 483.17483; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 483.17634.

Example 8QQQQQQQQQ N²-[3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 499.2; MS (ESI) m/z 997.3; MS (ESI) m/z 521.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₄S+H+, 499.14528; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.14544.

Example 8RRRRRRRRR N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[3-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 465.2; MS (ESI) m/z 929.4; MS (ESI) m/z 487.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₄S+H+, 465.18425; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.18439.

Example 8SSSSSSSSS N²-[(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈ClFN₂O₄+H+, 511.17944; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 511.17974.

Example 8TTTTTTTTT N²-[(4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈ClFN₂O₄+H+, 511.17944; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 511.17972.

Example 8UUUUUUUUU N²-[(4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈F₂N₂O₄+H+, 495.20899; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.20933.

Example 8VVVVVVVW N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈F₂N₂O₄+H+, 495.20899; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 495.20937.

Example 8WWWWWWWWW N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₄S+H+, 499.14528; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.14664.

Example 8XXXXXXXXX N²-[(4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 527.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1053.7; MS (ESI) m/z 549.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈Cl₂N₂O₄+H+, 527.14989; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 527.15049.

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈Cl₂N₂O₄+H+, 527.14989; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 527.14931.

Example 8YYYYYYYYY N²-[(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 527.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1053.7; MS (ESI) m/z 549.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₈Cl₂N₂O₄+H+, 527.14989; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 527.15048.

Example 8ZZZZZZZZZ N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.6; MS (ESI) m/z 523.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆F₂N₂O₄S+H+, 501.16541; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.16642.

MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.6; MS (ESI) m/z 523.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆F₂N₂O₄S+H+, 501.16541; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.16709.

Example 8AAAAAAAAAA N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 499.1; MS (ESI) m/z 997.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₇ClN₂O₄S+H+, 499.14528; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.14552.

Example 8BBBBBBBBBB N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-[(3-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 465.2; MS (ESI) m/z 929.4; MS (ESI) m/z 951.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₈N₂O₄S+H+, 465.18425; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 465.18455.

Example 8CCCCCCCCCC N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 479.3; MS (ESI) m/z 957.5; MS (ESI) m/z 501.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₄BrFN₂O₄+H+, 479.09762; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 479.0983.

Example 8DDDDDDDDDD N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.3; MS (ESI) m/z 499.3; MS (ESI) m/z 953.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₂O₄+H+, 477.21841; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.21891.

Example 8EEEEEEEEEE N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.3; MS (ESI) m/z 499.3; MS (ESI) m/z 953.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₂O₄+H+, 477.21841; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.21875.

Example 8FFFFFFFFFF N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.2; MS (ESI) m/z 539.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.1365.

Example 8GGGGGGGGGG N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 518.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₅ClFN₃O₄S+H+, 518.13111; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 518.13169.

Example 8HHHHHHHHHH N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 539.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.6; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₆ClFN₂O₄S+H+, 517.13586; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.1363.

Example 8IIIIIIIIII N²-{[5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.7; MS (ESI) m/z 541.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₅F₃N₂O₄S+H+, 519.15599; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.1568.

The following intermediates (R₁COOH in scheme 7) were prepared and used in the preparation of some of the compounds of Example 8:

Example 8JJJJJJJJJJ 4-(2-thienyl)benzoic acid

4-iodobenzoic acid (3 g, 12.1 mmol), 2-thiopheneboronic acid (3.10 g, 24.2 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (1.4 g, 1.21 mmol) were dissolved in DMF (75 mL) in a 350 mL screw-cap pressure vessel. In a separate flask, K₂CO₃ (5.02 g, 36.3 mmol) was dissolved in H₂O (12 mL) and was then added to the reaction. The flask was sealed, heated to 100° C. and stirred overnight (17 h).

The reaction was then diluted with H₂O (150 mL), placed in a sep. funnel, and 1N NaOH was added to raise the pH to 10. The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc (2×250 mL). The aqueous layer was kept, activated charcoal was added, and the mixture heated and stirred. Celite was added, followed by the mixture being filtered through celite. The filtrate was then acidified with concentrated HCl. At pH 7 a tan solid starts to precipitate. The pH was lowered to 5 and the solid formed is filtered out. The solid was partially dissolved in a small amount of toluene, which was then removed to remove some of the water still present. This step was repeated, then the solid was dried under vacuum. Yield—2.01 g tan solid, 81%. MS (ESI) m/z 202.9; HRMS: calcd for C₁₁H₈O₂S+H+, 205.03178; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 205.03127.

The following compounds were prepared according to the procedure similar to the one described in Example 8JJJJJJJJJJ, from appropriate commercially available reagents:

i: 5-(3-methoxyphenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 233.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₂H₁₀O₃S+H+, 235.04234; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 235.04226.

ii. 2,2′-bithiophene-5-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 209.1; HRMS: calcd for C₉H₆O₂S₂+H+, 210.98820; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 210.98816.

iii. 5-pyridin-4-ylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 206.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₀H₇NO₂S+H+, 206.02703; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 206.02691.

iv. 4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoic acid

HRMS: calcd for C, 1H₇ClO₂S—H+, 236.97825; found (ESI-FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 236.97751.

v. 5-phenyl-2-furoic acid

HRMS: calcd for C, 1H₈O₃+H+, 189.05462; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 189.05445.

vi. 4-(5-acetyl-2-thienyl)benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 245.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₁₀O₃S+H+, 247.04234; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 247.04223.

vii. 3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 237; HRMS: calcd for C, 1H₇ClO₂S—H+, 236.97825; found (ESI-FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 236.97757.

viii. 3-(2-thienyl)benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 203.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₁H₈O₂S+H+, 205.03178; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 205.03194.

ix. 5-(4-chlorophenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 237; MS (ESI) m/z 283; MS (ESI) m/z 475.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₁H₇ClO₂S—H+, 236.97825; found (ESI-FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 236.97825;

x. 3-phenylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 203.1; MS (ESI) m/z 249.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₁H₈O₂S+H+, 205.03178; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 205.03177.

xi. 4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 231.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₉ClO₂—H+, 231.02183; found (ESI-FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 231.02129.

xii. 3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 231.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₉ClO₂—H+, 231.02183; found (ESI-FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 231.02128.

xiii. 5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 239; MS (ESI) m/z 285.1; MS (ESI) m/z 479.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₁H₆F₂O₂S+H+, 241.01293; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 241.01183.

xiv. 5-(2,4-difluorophenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 239; MS (ESI) m/z 285; HRMS: calcd for C, 1H₆F₂O₂S+H+, 241.01293; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 241.01187.

xv. 4-phenoxybenzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 213.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₁₀O₃+H+, 215.07027; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 215.07029.

xvi. 4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 239.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₅H₁₂O₃—H+, 239.07137; found (ESI-FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 239.07131.

xvii. 5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 255.1; MS (ESI) m/z 511.2; HRMS: calcd for C, 1H₆ClFO₂S−H+, 254.96883; found (ESI-FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 254.96892.

xviii. 5-pyridin-3-ylthiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 206.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₀H₇NO₂S+H+, 206.02703; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 206.02708.

xix. 6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)nicotinic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 238;

xx. 6-phenylnicotinic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 200.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₂H₉NO₂+H+, 200.07061; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 200.07052.

xxi. 4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoic acid

mp 235-237° C.; MS (ESI) m/z 206; MS (ESI) m/z 204;

xxii. 4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 281; MS (ESI) m/z 394.8;

xxiii. 5-(4-fluorophenyl)thiophene-2-carboxylic acid

MS (ES) m/z 221.0; MS (ES) m/z 443.0;

xxiv. 4-[5-(aminosulfonyl)-2-thienyl]benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 282.1; MS (ESI) m/z 565.2;

xxv. 4-(5-cyano-2-thienyl)benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 228.1;

xxvi. 3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 215.1;

xxvii. 3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 233;

xxviii. 2′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 233.1;

xxix. 2′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 233.1;

xxx. 3′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 233.1;

xxxi. 2′,6′-difluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 233.1;

xxxii. 2′,3′-difluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 233;

xxxiii. 4-(5-methyl-2-thienyl)benzoic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 217.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₂H₁₀O₂S+H+, 219.04743; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 219.04744.

xxxiv. 6-(3-methoxyphenyl)nicotinic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 230.1;

xxxv. 3-fluorobiphenyl-4-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 215.1; HRMS: calcd for C₁₃H₉FO₂+H+, 217.06593; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 217.06598.

Example 9 N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate (333 mg, 0.59 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in DME (5 mL) and the mixture was added to 4-formylphenyl boronic acid (0.97 g, 0.65 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (68 mg, 0.059 mmol, 0.1 equiv.) and stirred for 30 minutes prior to the addition of aq. K₂CO₃ (163 mg, 1.18 mmol, 2 equiv.) in 1 mL H₂O. The mixture was capped in a sealed vessel and stirred overnight at 80° C. The reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The mixture was filtered over celite, the solvent was removed, and the resulting tan solid was diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and washed consecutively with H₂O, 10% HCl, brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 41% Acetone/Hexanes) to give 38 mg of tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate in 11% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 591.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1181.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 591.28535; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 591.28473.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate (100 mg, 0.17 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and added to TFA (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. The reaction was complete as determined by TLC. Solvent was removed and the resulting solid was purified by preparative HPLC to give N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine in 89% yield (80 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 533.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 535.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.22464.

Example 10

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 9.

Example 10A N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 631.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1261.4; MS (ESI) m/z 653.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₇F₃N₂O₄+H+, 631.27782; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 631.27719.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₂₉F₃N₂O₄+H+, 575.21522; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.21548.

Example 10B N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 593.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1185.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 593.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 593.29946.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 537.23840; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 537.23906.

Example 10C N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-biphenyl-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-biphenyl-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 563.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1125.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 563.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 563.28977.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-biphenyl-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 507.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 507.22688.

Example 10D N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 569.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1137.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₆N₂O₄S+H+, 569.24685; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 569.24702.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 511.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₂₈N₂O₄S+H+, 513.18425; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 513.18417.

Example 10E N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 551.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.4; MS (ESI) m/z 573.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 551.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 551.2538.

Example 10F N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 587.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1173.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₈H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 587.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 587.29016.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₀N₂O₄+H+, 531.22783; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 531.22669.

Example 10G N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 564.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₇N₃O₄+H+, 564.28568; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 564.28472.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 508.2.

Example 10H N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 564.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₇N₃O₄+H+, 564.28568; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 564.28648.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 508.1; MS (ESI) m/z 275.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₂₉N₃O₄+H+, 508.22308; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 508.22403.

Example 10I N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 564.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₇N₃O₄+H+, 564.28568; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 564.28531.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 508.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₂₉N₃O₄+H+, 508.22308; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 508.22432.

Example 10J N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 535.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1069.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 535.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.22147.

Example 10K N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₇F₃N₂O₄+H+, 631.27782; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 631.27639.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 575.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₂₉F₃N₂O₄+H+, 575.21522; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 575.21382.

Example 10L N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 593.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 593.29993.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 537.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 537.23840; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 537.23745.

Example 10M N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate was used as the starting material. MS (ESI) m/z 499.2; MS (ESI) m/z 997.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 499.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.25906.

Step B: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 443.2; MS (ESI) m/z 885.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19728.

Example 10N N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3-thien-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-thien-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate was used as the starting material. MS (ESI) m/z 555.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1109.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₄N₂O₄S+H+, 555.23120; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 555.23173.

Step B: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-thien-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 499.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₂₆N₂O₄S+H+, 499.16860; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.16976.

Example 10O N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]methyl}-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]methyl}-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate was used as the starting material. MS (ESI) m/z 617.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1233.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₅F₃N₂O₄+H+, 617.26217; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 617.26334.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]methyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 559.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1119.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₂₇F₃N₂O₄+H+, 561.19957; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 561.2001.

Example 10P N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl]-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate was used as the starting material. MS (ESI) m/z 573.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1145.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 573.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 573.27518.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 517.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 517.21218; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.2125.

Example 10Q N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-pyridin-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-pyridin-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate was used as the starting material. MS (ESI) m/z 550.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₅N₃O₄+H+, 550.27003; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 550.27066.

Step B: N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-pyridin-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 494.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₂₇N₃O₄+H+, 494.20743; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 494.20803.

Example 10R N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(4-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate was used as the starting material. MS (ESI) m/z 499.2; MS (ESI) m/z 997.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 499.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.25883.

Step B: N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(4-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 443.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19697.

Example 11 N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

A solution of 4-Amino-4-benzylcarbamoyl-butyric acid tert-butyl ester (6.39 g, 21.9 mmol, 1 equiv.) in DMF (18 mL) was added to 4-Bromobenzoic acid (4.39 g, 21.9 mmol, 1 equiv.) and PyBOP (14.7 g, 28.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and the solution was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen. DIEA (4.58 mL, 26.3 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) was then added dropwise and the solution was stirred for 2 hrs. The reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL) and washed consecutively with H₂O, 10% HCl, satd. NaHCO₃, brine, and dried over Na₂SO₄. After the solvent was evaporated, the crude residue was dissolved in ether and washed with aq. LiBr (2×250 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. A light tan solid was obtained, 8.94 g of tert-butyl N-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate in 86% yield.

MS (ESI) m/z 475.1; MS (ESI) m/z 949.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₇BrN₂O₄+Na+, 497.10464; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 497.10542.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate (200 mg, 0.421 mmol) was dissolved in toluene (4 mL) under nitrogen. Copper iodide (16.0 mg, 0.0841 mmol), triphenylarsine (26.0 mg, 0.0841 mmol), and Pd(Cl)₂(PPh₃)₂ (59 mg, 0.0841 mmol) were then added as solids. The reaction mixture was then fitted with a condenser and heated to reflux (115° C.), for 10 minutes. 2-(Tributylstannyl)-thiophene (267 mL, 0.841 mmol) was added and immediately the reaction went from orange to black. These are typical Stille reaction conditions. The reaction was monitored by TLC and was complete at 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the celite rinsed with MeOH (1 mL). Solvent was removed and the remaining yellow residue was dissolved in a minimal amount of CH₂Cl₂. Hexanes were added, precipitating a white solid that was filtered, washed with hexanes, and then dried at reduced pressure. 140 mg of tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate, a white solid was obtained in 69% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 479.1; MS (ESI) m/z 957.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₀N₂O₄S+H+, 479.19990; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 479.19826.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

Tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate (135 mg, 0.282 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) under nitrogen. TFA was diluted in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), and then added to the reaction. The reaction was monitored by TLC and was complete at 2 hrs. The solvent was removed and the remaining yellow residue was dissolved in toluene, which was then removed (2×) leaving an orange solid. The orange solid was taken up in acetone, and hexanes added, precipitating a pale orange solid. The solid was filtered, washed with hexanes, and dried at reduced pressure. The pale orange solid was run on a SiO₂ column, using 4% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂. The solvent was removed from the fractions yielding 79 mg of N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, a white solid, at 66% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 421.1; MS (ESI) m/z 843.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₄S+H+, 423.13730; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 423.13742.

Example 12

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 11.

Example 12A N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 463.2; MS (ESI) m/z 925.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 463.22275; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 463.22159.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 407.1; MS (ESI) m/z 813.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₅+H+, 407.16015; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 407.16031.

Example 12B N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethynyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethynyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamate

MS (ESI) m/z 497.3; MS (ESI) m/z 993.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 497.24348; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 497.24306.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethynyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 439.2; MS (ESI) m/z 879.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 441.18088; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 441.18056.

Example 12C N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-3-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-3-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 474.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₄+H+, 474.23873; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 474.238741.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-3-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 418.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₃N₃O₄+H+, 418.17613; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 418.17555.

Example 12D N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 480.2; MS (ESI) m/z 959.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₉N₃O₄S+H+, 480.19515; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 480.19659.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 422.2; MS (ESI) m/z 845.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₁N₃O₄S+H+, 424.13255; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 424.13204.

Example 12E N¹-benzyl-N-2-(4-pyridin-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 474.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₄+H+, 474.23873; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 474.2401.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 418.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₃N₃O₄+H+, 418.17613; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 418.17517.

Example 12F N-benzyl-N²-[4-(2-naphthyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 467.2; MS (ESI) m/z 933.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 467.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 467.19661.

Example 12G N-benzyl-N²-[4-(phenylethynyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 441.2; MS (ESI) m/z 881.4.

Example 12H N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(9-hydroxy-9H-fluoren-9-yl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 543.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1087.2.

Example 12I N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(1E)-3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 471.2; MS (ESI) m/z 941.4.

Example 12J N²-{4-[(3-aminophenyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-N-benzyl-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 456.1; MS (ESI) m/z 249.1.

Example 12K N-benzyl-N²-[4-(3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylprop-1-yn-1-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 545.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1091.2; MS (ESI) m/z 659.1.

Example 12L N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 471.1; MS (ESI) m/z 941.2.

Example 13

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 11, except a Suzuki reaction was used at step B in place of a Stille reaction. Hydrolysis of the ester to the final product followed the same procedure as previously described.

Example 13A N⁴-benzyl-N²-[(3′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamate

Tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate (350 mg, 0.736 mmol) was dissolved in DME under nitrogen in a sealed vial. 3,5-Dimethylboronic acid (110 mg, 0.736 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (43 mg, 0.037 mmol) were added as solids, and the reaction heated to reflux for 10 minutes. At this point 2M K₂CO₃ (735 mL, 1.47 mmol) was added, the reaction vial was sealed, and the reaction heated to reflux and monitored by TLC. The reaction was complete at 2 hrs. The aqueous part of the reaction was removed via pipette. The reaction solution was then filtered through celite and the celite rinsed with MeOH. The solvent was removed, leaving a brown solid. The product was purified using a SiO₂ column and 33% EtOAc/Hex as the solvent. The product was obtained as a white solid, yielding 222 mg at 60% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.27332.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI_FT) m/z 445.21151; MS (ESI_FT) m/z 445.21219; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21151.

Example 13B N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.27441.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.3; MS (ESI) m/z 889.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21172.

Example 13C N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.27326.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI_FT) m/z 445.2115; MS (ESI_FT) m/z 445.21219; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.2115.

Example 13D N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 517.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.26837.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI_FT) m/z 461.20568; MS (ESI_FT) m/z 461.2071; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20568.

Example 13E N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 517.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 517.26970; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.26833.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI_FT) m/z 461.20572; MS (ESI_FT) m/z 461.2071; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20572.

Example 13F N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI_FT) m/z 501.27323; MS (ESI_FT) m/z 501.27479; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.27323.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI_FT) m/z 445.21145; MS (ESI_FT) m/z 445.21219; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₄+H+, 445.21218; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 445.21145.

Example 13G N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-vinyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-vinyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 499.3; MS (ESI) m/z 997.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 499.25913; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 499.25855.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-vinyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 443.2; MS (ESI) m/z 885.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₄+H+, 443.19653; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 443.19675.

Example 14 N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate (3.00 g, 6.31 mmol) was dissolved in DME (40 mL), under nitrogen in a 75 mL bomb flask. 4-Hydroxyphenylboronic acid (871 mg, 6.3 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (729 mg, 0.63 mmol) were added as solids, and the reaction heated to reflux for 30 minutes. At this point K₂CO₃ (1.74 g, 12.6 mmol) was dissolved in H₂O (8 mL), and added to the reaction. The bomb flask was sealed and the reaction was heated to reflux, stirred overnight, and monitored by TLC. The reaction was complete after stirring overnight. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the celite rinsed with MeOH. The solvent was removed and the remaining solid was dissolved in EtOAc (200 mL) and then washed with 200 mL of 10% HCl (2×) and brine. The organic layer (top) was then dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated, leaving a dark red oily solid. The product was purified using a SiO₂ column, and 40% Ace/Hex as the solvent. It would not dissolve in this solvent so it was dissolved in Acetone/MeOH (1:1) and dry mounted on the column. The product was obtained as the third spot of the column and as a yellow solid. Yield 10.9 g of tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate at 62% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 487.4; MS (ESI) m/z 533.5; MS (ESI) m/z 975.8; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 489.23840; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 489.23862.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]L-α-glutaminate (300 mg, 0.614 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃CN (7 mL) in a sealed 20 mL vial. K₂CO₃ was added as a solid, the vial sealed and heated to 80° C. for 1 hour. Iodoethane (54 mL, 0.675 mmol) was added, the vial sealed and stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction was monitored by TLC and was complete after stirring overnight. The solvent was removed via nitrogen blower, and the remaining solid dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (7 mL) and washed with 10% HCl (7 mL). The aqueous layer was decanted with a pipette, and the solvent was removed via nitrogen blower. The remaining solid was dissolved in DMSO (2 mL) and purified on a Gilson HPLC. Yield: 123 mg of tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate, a white solid at 39% yield.

MS (ESI) m/z 517.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1033.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 517.26970; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 517.26801.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

The procedure used was similar to that described in Example 13. MS (ESI) m/z 461.2; MS (ESI) m/z 921.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 461.20710; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.20542.

Example 15

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 14.

Example 15A N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-propoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-propoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 531.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1061.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 531.28535; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 531.2844.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-propoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 475.2; MS (ESI) m/z 949.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 475.22275; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 475.22333.

Example 15B N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4¹-butoxy-1,1-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-butoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 545.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1089.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 545.30100; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 545.30048.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-butoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 489.3; MS (ESI) m/z 977.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 489.23840; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 489.23871.

Example 15C N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 557.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1113.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 557.30100; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 557.30064.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 501.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 501.23840; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.23937.

Example 15D N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 585.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1169.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₄₄N₂O₅+H+, 585.33230; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 585.33275.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 529.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 529.26970; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.27022.

Example 15E N²-{[4′-(allyloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N²-{[4′-(allyloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 529.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1057.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 529.26970; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.26804.

Step C: N²-{[4′-(allyloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine Example 15F N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 609.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1217.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₆+H+, 609.29591; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 609.29669.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 553.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1105.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₂N₂O₆+H+, 553.23331; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 553.23235.

Example 15G N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 639.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1277.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₈H₄₂N₂O₇+H+, 639.30648; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 639.30698.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 583.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1165.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₄N₂O₇+H+, 583.24388; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 583.2433.

Example 15H N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-naphthylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-naphthylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 629.3; HRMS: calcd for C₄₀H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 629.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 629.30277.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-naphthylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 571.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 573.23840; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 573.23779.

Example 15I N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 541.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1081.2.

Example 15J N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(benzyloxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 523.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1045.2.

The following compounds were prepared according to Scheme 10, Route A:

Example 15K N²-{[3′-(benzyloxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 613.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1225.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₆N₂O₈+H+, 613.25444; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 613.25451.

Example 15L N²-({3′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 673.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1345.6; MS (ESI) m/z 690.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₁₀+H+, 673.27557; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 673.27431.

Example 15M N²-({3′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 643.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1285.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₈N₂O₉+H+, 643.26501; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 643.26574.

Example 15N N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 643.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1285.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₉FN₂O₇+H+, 643.28141; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 643.28187.

The following compounds were prepared according to Scheme 10, Route B:

Example 15O N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate (1.00 g, 1.93 mmol) was dissolved in DME (10 mL) under nitrogen and placed in a microwave vial. 4-methylphenyl boronic acid (526 mg, 3.87 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (334 mg, 0.290 mmol) were added as solids prior to the addition of K₂CO₃ (800 mg, 5.79 mmol) dissolved in H₂O (2.3 mL). The vial was sealed and heated to 80° C. in a microwave for 20 minutes. The solvent was removed and the remaining yellow oil was dissolved in diethyl ether (125 mL). The organics were washed consecutively with 10% HCl (125 mL), water (125 mL) and brine (125 mL). The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄, filtered through celite and the solvent was removed. The sticky solid was purified using on a 40 g Combi flash column using an increasing gradient of EtOAc/Hex as the solvent. The product was obtained as a light brown solid. Yield 792 mg of tert-butyl N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate at 78% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 529.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₂O₄+H+, 529.30608; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 529.30594.

Step B: tert-butyl N²-{[4′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

tert-butyl N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate (3.5 g, 6.62 mmol) was dissolved in CCl₄ (50 mL) along with N-Bromosuccinimide (2.36 g, 13.2 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide (321 mg, 1.32 mmol) in a 100 mL flask equipped with a reflux condenser. The reaction mixture stirred overnight at 70° C. The solvent was removed and the residue was purified using a SiO2 column and 20% EtOAc/Hex as the solvent giving a yellow solid. Yield 1.05 g tert-butyl N²-{[4′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate at 57% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 607.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₃₉BrN₂O₄+H+, 607.21660; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 607.21591.

Step C: tert-butyl N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate

tert-butyl N²-{[4′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate (253 mg, 0.41 mmol) 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenol (63 μL, 42 mmol) and K₂CO₃ (287 mg, 2.08 mmol) were all combined in a 10 mL vial. Acetonitrile (4 mL) was added dissolving some of the solids upon heating to 80° C. The reaction was monitored using TLC and MS. The reaction was stirred overnight (18 h). The reaction was filtered using a fritted funnel and the solvent was removed. The filtrate was collected and the solvent was removed. The residue was purified using a SiO₂ column and 20% EtOAc/Hex as the solvent giving a white solid. Yield 242 mg of tert-butyl N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate at 77% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 757.4; HRMS: calcd for C₄₁H₄₂F₆N₂O₅+H+, 757.30707; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 757.30532.

Step D: N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

tert-butyl N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate (215 mg, 0.284 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and stirred in a 10 mL flask. Trifluoroacetic acid (1.09 mL, 14 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred for 2 hours. The solvent was removed and the dried under vacuum. The resulting residue was purified using preparative HPLC (ACN/H₂O, 0.02% TFA). The main peak fractions were collected and after removal of solvent gave the product as a white solid. Yield of 104 mg of N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine was obtained in 52% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 699.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₄F₆N₂O₅+H+, 701.24447; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 701.24429.

The following compounds were prepared according to the procedure described above for example 15O:

Example 15P N²-({4′-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 609.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1217.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₆N₂O₇+H+, 609.25953; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 609.26109.

Example 15Q N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 595.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₆N₂O₇+H+, 597.25953; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 597.25901.

Example 15R N²-({3′-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 595.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₆N₂O₇+H+, 597.25953; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 597.2593.

Example 15S N²[(3′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 671.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1343.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₀F₆N₂O₅+H+, 673.21317; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 673.21279.

Example 15T N²-(31′-[(3-ethylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 563.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₅H₃₆N₂O₅+H+, 565.26970; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 565.26999.

The following compounds were prepared according to Scheme 10, Route C:

Example 15U N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutaminate (2.00 g, 4.21 mmol) was dissolved in DME (20 mL) under nitrogen and placed in a 75 mL flask. 4-Hydroxyphenyl boronic acid (638 mg, 4.63 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (729 mg, 0.632 mmol) were added as solids prior to the addition of K₂CO₃ (1.75 g, 12.6 mmol) dissolved in H₂O (5 mL). The flask was sealed and the reaction was heated to reflux, stirred for two days and monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and then rinsed with MeOH. The solvent was removed and the resulting residue was purified using a SiO2 column and 33% EtOAc/Hex as the solvent. The product was obtained as a white solid. Yield: 514 mg of tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-hydroxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate at 25% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 487.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 489.23840; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 489.23862.

Step B: tert-butyl N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-bromobenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

3,3-bromobenzylbromide and K₂CO₃ were all combined in a 20 mL vial. CH₃CN (6 mL) was added, dissolving some of the solids upon heating to 80° C. The reaction was monitored using TLC and MS. After 2 hours the reaction was complete. The resulting product quickly precipitated upon cooling of the CH₃CN. The reaction was filtered using a fritted funnel and the filtrate was collected and redissolved in warm CH₃CN. The solution was allowed to crystallize overnight in the freezer. The white solid was collected and washed with cold CH₃CN. Yield: 357 mg of tert-butyl N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-bromobenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate at 57% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 657.2.

Step C: tert-butyl N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutaminate

tert-butyl N-benzyl-N-2-({4′-[(3-bromobenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate (250 mg, 0.38 mmol) was dissolved in DME (5 mL) under nitrogen in a 75 mL bomb flask. Phenylboronic acid (51 mg, 0.418 mmol), and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (66 mg, 0.057 mmol) were added as solids prior to the addition of K₂CO₃ (158 mg, 1.14 mmol) dissolved in H₂O (1.5 mL). The bomb flask was sealed and the reaction was heated to reflux, stirred two days and monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was filtered through celite and the celite rinsed with MeOH. The solvent was removed and the resulting residue was purified using preparative HPLC. The product was obtained as a pale orange solid. Yield: 154 mg of tert-butyl N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutaminate at 60% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 655.5; HRMS: calcd for C₄₂H₄₂N₂O₅+H+, 655.31665; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 655.31636.

Step D: N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

tert-butyl N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutaminate (130 mg, 0.199 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL) and stirred in a 10 mL flask. Trifluoroacetic acid (765 uL, 10 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred for 2 hours. The solvent was removed and the dried under vacuum. The orange residue was dissolved in minimum acetone and precipitated with hexanes. Yield of 109 mg of N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine was obtained in 91% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 599.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₈H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 599.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 599.25511.

Example 15V N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3′-methoxy]biphenyl-3-yl)methoxyl biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 627.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₉H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 629.26461; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 629.26493.

Example 15W N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-2-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 597.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₈H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 599.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 599.25523.

Example 15X N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-2-yl)methoxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 627.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₉H₃₆N₂O₆+H+, 629.26461; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 629.26484.

Example 15Y N²-({4′-[(3-tert-butylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

Tolyl-biphenylglutamate (1 g, 1.89 mmol) was dissolved in CCl₄ (20 mL), in a 40 mL sealed vial. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) (673 mg, 3.78 mmol) and Benzoyl peroxide (92 mg, 0.378 mmol) were added. The reaction was heated to 70° C., and stirred overnight. The reaction was cooled and the solvent removed. The remaining sticky orange solid was purified by silica column chromatography using 20% EtOAc/Hexanes. 400 mg of Bromo-tolyl-biphenylglutamate was obtained, as a pale yellow solid at 36% yield.

3-t-Butylphenol (56 mg, 0.374 mmol) was dissolved in CH₃CN in a 20 ml sealed vial and K₂CO₃ (258 mg, 1.87 mmol) was added. The reaction was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 30 minutes. The Bromo-tolyl-biphenylglutamate (250 mg, 0.411 mmol) was added and the reaction stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction was filtered, the solvent was removed and the remainder of the reaction was purified by silica column chromatography to give the title compound as a white solid was obtained in 87% yield.

MS (ESI) m/z 621.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1241.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₉H₄₄N₂O₅+H+, 621.33230; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 621.33234.

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 15Y:

Example 15Z N²-({4′-[(3,5-di-tert-butylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 675.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1351.6; HRMS: calcd for C₄₃H₅₂N₂O₅+H+, 677.39490; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 677.39504.

Example 15AA N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-ethylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 593.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1185.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₅+H+, 59.30100; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 593.30054.

Example 15BB N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 595.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1189.6; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₈N₂O₆+H+, 595.28026; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 595.28031.

Example 16 N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

The title compound was prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Examples 7 and 11. MS (ESI) m/z 551.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.4; MS (ESI) m/z 573.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₈+H+, 551.23879; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 551.23735.

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 16.

Example 17A N²-[(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 551.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.4; MS (ESI) m/z 573.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₃₄N₂O₈+H+, 551.23879; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 551.23739.

Example 17B N²-[(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 537.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1073.4; MS (ESI) m/z 559.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₈+H+, 537.22314; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 537.22188.

Example 17C N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₈+H+, 537.22314; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 537.22188.

Example 17D 4′-{[((1S)-3-carboxy-1-{[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)amino]carbonyl}propyl)amino]carbonyl}biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid

MS (ESI) m/z 551.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.3; MS (ESI) m/z 573.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀N₂O₉+H+, 551.20241; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 551.2008.

Example 17E N²-[(4′-ethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 535.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1069.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₇+H+, 535.24388; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.2425.

Example 17F N²-[(3′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 567.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1133.5; MS (ESI) m/z 589.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀C₃₄N₂O₉+H+, 567.23371; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 567.23327.

Example 17G N²-[(2′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 567.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1133.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₉+H+, 567.23371; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 567.23397.

Example 17H N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 597.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1193.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₁₀+H+, 597.24427; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 597.24385.

Example 17I N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 489.2; MS (ESI) m/z 977.4; MS (ESI) m/z 511.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 489.23840; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 489.2373.

Example 17J N²-[(3′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₆+H+, 519.24896; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.248971.

Example 17K N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 503.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1005.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 503.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.25421.

Example 17L N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 491.2; MS (ESI) m/z 981.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁FN₂O₄+H+, 491.23406; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.23402.

Example 17M 4-[(4′-Methoxy-3′-methyl-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-butyric acid

MS (ESI) m/z 551.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.5; MS (ESI) m/z 1123.5.

Example 17N 4-(4-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-benzoylamino)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxy-benzylcarbamoyl)-butyric acid

MS (ESI) m/z 551.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1101.4.

Example 17O N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 491.4; MS (ESI) m/z 981.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 491.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.25465.

Example 17P N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 503.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1005.4; MS (ESI) m/z 525.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀N₂O₆+H+, 503.21766; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.21771.

Example 17Q N²-[(2′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.5; MS (ESI) m/z 541.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₆+H+, 519.24896; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.24917.

Example 17R N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 539.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1077.6; MS (ESI) m/z 561.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁FN₂O₇+H+, 539.21881; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 539.2182.

Example 17S N²-[(4′-sec-butylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbon —N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 515.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1029.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 515.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 515.29203.

Example 17T N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 501.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1001.8; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₄+H+, 501.27478; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 501.27468.

Example 17U N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 535.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1069.8; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₄N₂O₄+H+, 535.25913; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 535.26044.

Example 17V N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 521.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1043.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₈+H+, 523.20749; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 523.20878.

Example 17W N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({3′-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 546.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1091.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₉N₃O₅+H+, 546.29625; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 546.29678.

Example 17X N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[(3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 503.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1005.8; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₈N₂O₄+H+, 503.29043; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.29107.

Example 17Y N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 491.4; MS (ESI) m/z 981.7; MS (ESI) m/z 513.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁FN₂O₄+H+, 491.23406; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.23228.

Example 17Z N²-[(3′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 549.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1097.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₇+H+, 549.25953; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 549.26013.

Example 17AA N²-[(4′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 549.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1097.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₇+H+, 549.25953; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 549.26066.

Example 17BB N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[4-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 515.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1029.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 515.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 515.25447.

Example 17CC N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 514.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1027.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₅N₃O₄+H+, 514.27003; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 514.27038.

Example 17DD N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 521.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1041.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₃FN₂O₅+H+, 521.24463; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 521.24248.

Example 17EE N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 507.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1013.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₁FN₂O₅+H+, 507.22898; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 507.22717.

Example 17FF N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 519.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1037.7; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₅FN₂O₄+H+, 519.26536; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 519.26474.

Example 17GG N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 509.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1017.7; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₀F₂N₂O₄+H+, 509.22464; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.22537.

Example 17HH N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(4′-isobutylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 533.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1065.8; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₇FN₂O₄+H+, 533.28101; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 533.28214.

Example 17II N²-(1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 581.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1163.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₄N₂O₇+H+, 583.24388; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 583.24414.

Example 17JJ N-benzyl-N²-{[3′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 445.1; MS (ESI) m/z 891.2.

Example 17KK N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(2′,4′,6′-trimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₃₆N₂O₇+H+, 549.25953; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 549.25817.

Example 17LL N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 475.2; MS (ESI) m/z 949.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 475.22275; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 475.22358.

Example 17MM N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 503.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1005.3; MS (ESI) m/z 525.1; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 503.25405; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 503.25252.

Example 17NN N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 475.1; MS (ESI) m/z 949.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₆+H+, 475.18636; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 475.1872.

Example 17OO N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 493.2; MS (ESI) m/z 985.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₂₉FN₂O₅+H+, 493.21333; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 493.21327.

Example 17PP N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine

(1): MS (ESI) m/z 521.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1041.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₂₉FN₂O₆+H+, 521.20824; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 521.20872; (2): MS (ESI) m/z 521.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1041.3.

Example 17QQ N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 463.1; MS (ESI) m/z 925.3.

Example 17RR N²-[(3′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₈+H+, 523.20749; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 523.20809.

Example 17SS N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 487.1; MS (ESI) m/z 975.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₅+H+, 40; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 489.2389.

Example 17TT N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 473.1; MS (ESI) m/z 945.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₂N₂O₄+H+, 473.24348; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 473.24409.

Example 17UU N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 493.2; MS (ESI) m/z 985.4.

Example 17VV N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-4-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 418.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₃N₃O₄+H+, 418.17613; found (ESI_FT, [M+H]¹⁺), 418.17461.

Example 17WW N¹-benzyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl carbonyl)-L-αglutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 417.1; MS (ESI) m/z 833.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₄N₂O₄+H+, 417.18088; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 417.18049.

Example 17XX N¹-benzyl-N²-(3-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 423.1; MS (ESI) m/z 845; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₄S+H+, 423.13730; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 423.1383.

Example 17YY N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3-chloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 451.1; MS (ESI) m/z 901; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃ClN₂O₄+H+, 451.14191; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 451.1417.

Example 17ZZ N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₃FN₂O₄+H+, 435.17146; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 435.17091.

Example 17AAA N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2,6-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₈N₂O₆+H+, 477.20201; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.20098.

Example 17BBB N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 509.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1017.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₁H₂₈N₂O₅+H+, 509.20710; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.20875.

Example 18 N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 673.4; MS (ESI) m/z 1345.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₁₀+H+, 673.27557; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 673.27498.

Example 19

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 18.

Example 19A N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N¹-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 611.5; MS (ESI) m/z 1222; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₂N₂O₆+H+, 611.31156; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 611.31164.

Example 19B N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 641.5; MS (ESI) m/z 1282; HRMS: calcd for C₃₈H₄₄N₂O₇+H+, 641.32213; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 641.32171.

Example 19C N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 625.5; MS (ESI) m/z 1249.9; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₄₀N₂O₇+H+, 625.29083; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 625.2906.

Example 19D N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 641.5; MS (ESI) m/z 1282.

Example 19E N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 749.5; MS (ESI) m/z 771.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₇H₃₄F₆N₂O₈+H+, 749.22921; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 749.2297.

Example 19F N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 595.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1189.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₈N₂O₆+H+, 595.28026; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 595.28185.

Example 19G N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 591.2; HRMS: calcd for C₃₃H₄₀N₂O₈+H+, 593.28574; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 593.28726.

Example 19H N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI-FTMS) m/z 643.26499; MS (ESI-FTMS) m/z 643.26501; HRMS: calcd for C₃₆H₃₈N₂O₉+H+, 643.26501; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 643.26499.

Example 20 N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-bromo-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

Tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate (2.33 g, 7.98 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (7 mL) under nitrogen. 5-Bromofuroic acid (1.52 g, 7.98 mmol) was added, followed by addition of PyBOP (5.00 g, 9.6 mmol). Finally, DIEA (1.67 mL, 9.6 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes via addition funnel. The reaction was monitored by TLC and stirred overnight. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (250 mL), washed consecutively with H₂O, 10% HCl, saturated NaHCO₃, brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. After solvent was evaporated, the crude residue was dissolved in ether and washed with aq. LiBr (2×250 mL) and dried over Na₂SO₄. Ether was removed, leaving an oil which was further purified on a SiO₂ column using 33%-40% EtOAc/Hex as the solvent. The product was the third spot off the column and a sticky orange solid. Yield 1.60 g of tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-bromo-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutaminate at 43% yield.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₃₀N₂O₅+Na+, 485.20469; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+Na]¹⁺), 485.20466.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₂N₂O₅+H+, 407.16015; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 407.15841.

Example 21

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 20.

Example 21A N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₂O₆+H+, 507.24896; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 507.24894.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆N₂O₆+H+, 451.18636; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 451.18545.

Example 21B N¹-benzyl-N-2-[5-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₄N₂O₅+H+, 491.25405; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 491.2538.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₆N₂O₅+H+, 435.19145; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 435.19034.

Example 21C N¹-benzyl-N²-(2,2′-bifuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(2,2′-bifuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₈N₂O₆+H+, 453.20201; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 453.20173.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-(2,2′-bifuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₁H₂₀N₂O₆+H+, 397.13941; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 397.13777.

Example 21D N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-thien-2-yl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-thien-2-yl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutaminate

HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₈N₂O₅S+H+, 469.17917; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 469.1789.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-thien-2-yl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₁H₂₀N₂O₅S+H+, 413.11657; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 413.11511.

Example 22

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 20.

Example 22A N¹-benzyl-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 476.1; MS (ESI) m/z 951.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₆BrN₃O₄+H+, 476.11794; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 476.11935.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 474.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₄+H+, 474.23873; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 474.23861.

Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 418.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₄H₂₃N₃O₄+H+, 418.17613; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 418.17674.

Example 22B N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 506.1; MS (ESI) m/z 1011.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₈BrN₃O₅+H+, 506.12851; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 506.12839.

Step B: tert-butyl N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 504.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₃O₅+H+, 504.24930; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 504.24835.

Step C: N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 448.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₅H₂₅N₃O₅+H+, 448.18670; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 448.18686.

Example 22C N²-[(2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N²-[(2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 531.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1061.4; HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₃₈N₂O₅+H+, 531.28535; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 531.2855.

Step C: N²-[(2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₅+H+, 475.22275; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 475.22271.

Example 22D N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 507; MS (ESI) m/z 1015.1; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₅BrN₂O₇+H+, 509.09179; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 509.09078.

Example 22E N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 461.1; MS (ESI) m/z 921.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₂H₂₅BrN₂O₄+H+, 461.10705; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 461.10805.

Example 22F N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 477.3; MS (ESI) m/z 953.5; HRMS: calcd for C₂₃H₂₉BrN₂O₄+H+, 477.13835; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 477.13801.

Example 22G N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI-FTMS) m/z 433.07562; MS (ESI-FTMS) m/z 433.07575; HRMS: calcd for C₂₀H₂₁BrN₂O₄+H+, 433.07575; found (ESI-FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 433.07562.

Example 23 N²-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine Step A: tert-butyl N²-[(4′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate

4-Benzylcarbamoyl-4-(4-bromo-benzoylamino)-butyric acid tert-butyl ester (3.0 g, 6.31 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in DME (60 mL) was added to 4-(4,4,5,5,)-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxoborolan-2-yl)aniline (1.38 g, 6.31 mmol, 1 equiv.) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (728 mg, 0.063 mmol, 0.1 equiv.). The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes prior to the addition of aq. K₂CO₃ (1.74 g, 12.6 mmol, 2 equiv.) in 12 mL H₂O. The mixture was capped in a sealed vessel and stirred overnight at 80° C. The reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The mixture was filtered over celite, the solvent was removed, and the resulting tan solid was diluted with EtOAc (200 mL) and washed consecutively with H₂O, 10% HCl, and brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The solid was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 41% Acetone/Hexanes) to give 1.89 g of tert-butyl N²-[(4′-amino-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate in 61% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 488.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₉H₃₃N₃O₄+H+, 488.25438; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 488.25433.

Step B: isopropyl N²-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate

4-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-4-benzylcarbamoyl-butyric acid tert-butyl ester (300 mg, 0.62 mmol, 1 equiv.) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and cooled to 0° C. followed by the addition of proton sponge (266 mg, 1.24 mmol, 2 equiv.). The mixture was stirred 30 minutes prior to the addition of acetyl chloride (48 μL, 0.68 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 hrs and allowed to warm to room temperature. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The mixture was washed consecutively with H₂O, NaHCO₃ satd., and brine, and then dried over Na₂SO₄. The tan solid was purified by preparative HPLC to give 85 mg of isopropyl N²-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutaminate in 26% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 557.2; MS (ESI) m/z 279.1.

Step C: N²-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine

4-[(4′-Acetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-4-benzylcarbamoyl-butyric acid tert-butyl ester (75 mg) was dissolved in dichloroethane (4 mL) and added to TFA (2 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. The solvent was removed and the resulting solid was purified by preparative HPLC to give N²-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine in 54% yield (37 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 474.2; MS (ESI) m/z 947.3; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₇N₃O₅+H+, 474.20235; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 474.20274.

Example 24

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 23.

Example 24A N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}L-α-glutaminate

MS (ESI) m/z 582.3; MS (ESI) m/z 1163.5; HRMS: calcd for C₃₄H₃₅N₃O₆+H+, 582.25986; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 582.26058.

Step C: N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}L-α-glutamine

MS (ESI) m/z 526.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1051.3; HRMS: calcd for C₃₀H₂₇N₃O₆+H+, 526.19726; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 526.19773.

Example 24B N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Step B: tert-butyl N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutaminate Step C: N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine Example 24C N²-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine

HRMS: calcd for C₃₂H₂₉N₃O₅—H+, 534.20345; found (ESI_FTMS, [M−H]¹⁻), 534.2024.

Example 25 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid Step A: 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 5-methyl ester

4-Diphenyl carboxylic acid (3.57 g, 18 mmol) and EDCI (4.28 g, 22.3 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) were dissolved in DMF (40 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 hrs. H-Glu(OMe)OtBu (5.02 g, 19.8 mmol, 1.1 equiv.) was added, followed by the addition of Et₃N (6.77 mL, 48.6 mmol, 2.7 equiv.) and DMAP (330 mg, 2.7 mmol, 15%). The mixture was stirred overnight under N₂. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc and washed with H₂O and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography (20% EtOAc/Hexane) to afford 3.2 g of 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 5-methyl ester in 44.7% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 396.

Step B: 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 5-methyl ester

2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 1-tert-butyl ester 5-methyl ester (1.5 g, 3.8 mmol) was dissolved in dichloroethane (26 mL) and the mixture was added to TFA (13 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hrs. TLC indicated the reaction was complete. Solvent was evaporated by rotovap. The solid obtained was washed with EtOAc and water. After drying, 2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 5-methyl ester was obtained in 87% yield (1.128 g). MS (ESI) m/z 342.

Step C: 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid methyl ester

2-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid 5-methyl ester (1.128 g, 3.30 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in THF (35 mL). The mixture was cooled to −20° C., followed by the addition of Et₃N (343 mg, 3.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv.) and ethyl chloroformate (358 mg, 3.3 mmol, 1.0 equiv.). After stirring for 20 minutes, NaBH₄ (375 mg, 9.9 mmol, 3 equiv.) was added and the temperature was raised to −10° C. After stirring for 5 min, MeOH (30 mL) was introduced and the mixture was further stirred for 20 min at this temperature and then at 0° C. for 20 min. 1N HCl was then added slowly to quench the reaction. Solvent was evaporated and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and H₂O. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄, and removed solvent by rotavap. The crude mixture was then purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 3% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) to afford 333 mg of 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid methyl ester in 31% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 328.

Step D: 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid

A solution of 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid methyl ester (333 mg, 1.06 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and MeOH (1.27 mL) was added to 1N NaOH (1.27 mL, 1.27 mmol, 1.2 equiv) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours and TLC indicated the reaction was complete. Solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in water. After adjusting the pH to 4 with 1N HCl, solid precipitated from the solution. The solid was then collected by filtration, washed with water, and dried under vacuum overnight to afford 240 mg of 4-[(Biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-5-hydroxy-pentanoic acid in 76.7% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 314.

Example 26 N-({4′-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid Step A: 2-(4-Bromo-benzoylamino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester

A solution of 4-Bromobenzoic acid (4 g, 19.9 mmol, 1 equiv) in DMF (140 mL) was added to EDCI (5.72 g, 29.8 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 25 min. Et₃N (6.9 mL, 49.7 mmol, 2.5 equiv) was then added, followed by addition of DMAP (486 mg, 4.0 mmol, 20%). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. DMF was removed by rotavap and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and brine solution. The organic layer was separated, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude mixture was purified by column chromatography (silica gel, 20% EtOAc/Hexane) to give 4.2 g of 2-(4-Bromo-benzoylamino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester in 47.7% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 441.

Step B: 2-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester

4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenylamine (1.34 g, 6.104 mmol, 1 equiv.) and 2-(4-Bromo-benzoylamino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (2.7 g, 6.104 mmol, 1 equiv.) were dissolved in DME (120 mL). A solution of K₂CO₃ (1.68 g, 12.21 mmol, 2 equiv.) in 30 mL of water was injected into the mixture, followed by the addition of Pd(PPh₃)₄ (352 mg, 0.31 mmol, 5%). The mixture was heated to reflux overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. Regular work-up and column chromatography (silica gel, 30-40% EtOAc/n-Hexane) afforded 2.3 g of 2-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester in 83% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 453.

Step C: Phenylacetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester

A solution of phenylacetic acid (89 mg, 0.65 mmol, 1 equiv) in DMF (10 mL) was added to EDCI (188 mg, 0.98 mmol, 1.5 equiv.). After stirring for 20 min, 2-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (297 mg, 0.65 mmol, 1 equiv.) was added, followed by the addition of Et₃N (0.23 mL, 1.64 mmol, 2.5 equiv.) and DMAP (16 mg, 0.13 mmol, 20%). The reaction mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. DMF was removed and the residue was dissolved in EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with H₂O and brine, and then dried over MgSO₄. After solvent was evaporated, the crude residue was purified by HPLC to give 45 mg of 2-[(4′-Phenylacetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester in 12% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 573.

Step D: N-({4′-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid

2-[(4′-Phenylacetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (45 mg) was dissolved in dichloroethane (3 mL) and added to TFA (1 mL). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. Reaction was complete as determined by TLC. Solvent was removed and the resulting solid was dried under vacuum overnight. N-({4′[(phenylacetyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid was obtained in 84.2% yield (30.3 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 461.

Example 27 N-[(4′-{[(3-Methyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]-amino}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid

The title compound was prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 26.

Step C: 2-({4′-[(3-Methyl-benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester

EDCI coupling between 3-Methylbenzofuran 2 carboxylic acid (139 mg, 0.79 mmol) and 2-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (358 mg, 0.79 mmol, 1 equiv.) was carried out according to the procedure in step C of Example 5 to give 2-({4′-[(3-Methyl-benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester in 12.4% yield (60 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 611.

Step D: N-[(4′-{[(3-Methyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]-amino}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid

Hydrolysis of 2-({4′-[(3-Methyl-benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (60 mg) was carried out according to procedure in step D of Example 5 to give N-[(4′-{[(3-Methyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]-amino}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid in 59% yield (28.9 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 499.

Example 28 N-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid

Step A: 2-({4′-[(Furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester

To a solution of 2-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (350 mg, 0.77 mmol) and 2-Furoic acid (87 mg, 0.77 mmol, 1 equiv.) in DMF (6 mL) was added BOP reagent (409 mg, 0.92 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) and Hunig base (0.16 mL, 0.92 mmol, 1.2 equiv.) under N₂. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Reaction was complete was determined by LC-MS. The reaction mixture was then poured onto cold water. Solid precipitated from the mixture was collected by filtration. The solid was then dissolved in EtOAc, washed with 1N HCl, saturated NaHCO₃, and brine, and then dried over MgSO₄. After removing the solvent, the solid was dried under vacuum overnight to provide 2-({4′-[(Furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester in 87% yield (369 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 549.

Step B: N-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid

2-({4′-[(Furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (369 mg, 0.67 mmol) was dissolved in dichloroethane (10 mL) and added to TFA (5 mL) at 0° C. The cooling bath was removed after the addition was complete. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hrs. and the reaction was complete as determined by TLC. After removing solvent, the residue was washed 3 times with EtOAc. The solid was then dried under vacuum to give 2-({4′-[(Furan-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid in 85.6% yield (251 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 437.

Example 29 N-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid

The title compound was prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 28.

Step A: 2-[(4′-Acetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester

BOP coupling of 2-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (350 mg, 0.77 mmol) was carried out according to procedures in step A of Example 6B to give 344 mg of 2-[(4′-Acetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester in 89% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 497.

Step B: N-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid

Hydrolysis of 2-[(4′-Acetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (344 mg, 0.69 mmol) was carried out according to procedures in step B for Example 6B to give 212 mg of 2-[(4′-Acetylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid in 79.7% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 383.

Example 30 N-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid

The title compound was prepared according to procedures similar to those described for Example 6B.

Step D: N-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid

Hydrolysis of 2-[(4′-Benzoylamino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (191 mg) was carried out according to procedures in step D of Example 6B to give N-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid in 61.6% yield (93.7 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 445.

Example 31 N-({4′-[(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid

The title compound was prepared according to the procedures similar to that described for Example 28.

Step A: 2-({4′-[(Benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester

BOP coupling of 2-[(4′-Amino-biphenyl-4-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (349 mg, 0.77 mmol) with 2-Benzofuran carboxylic acid (124 mg, 0.77 mmol, 1 equiv.) was carried out according to procedures in step A of Example 6B to give 185 mg of 2-({4′-[(Benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester in 40% yield. MS (ESI) m/z 597.

Step B: N-({4′-[(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid

Hydrolysis of 2-({4′-[(Benzofuran-2-carbonyl)-amino]-biphenyl-4-carbonyl}-amino)-pentanedioic acid di-tert-butyl ester (185 mg, 0.31 mmol) was carried out according to procedures in step B of Example 6B to give N-({4′-[(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid in 82.5% yield (124 mg). MS (ESI) m/z 485.

Example 32 N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamamide

To a solution of the starting carboxylic acid (0.476 g, 1 mmol) in DMF (4 mL) under nitrogen is added BOP reagent (0.442 g, 1 mmol), followed by addition of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (0.076 g, 11.1 mmol), and DIEA (0.38 mL, 2.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hrs at room temperature. The mixture was then added slowly to 50 mL of water. The resulting white solid was collected, washed several times with water and dried under vacuum to give 350 mg of N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamamide.

Example 33

The following compounds were prepared according to procedures similar to those described in Example 32.

Example 33A N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-glutamamide

MS (ESI) m/z 522.2; HRMS: calcd for C₂₈H₃₁N₃O₇+H+, 522.22348; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 522.22365.

Example 33B N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamamide

MS (ESI) m/z 460.2; MS (ESI) m/z 919.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₄+H+, 460.22308; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 460.22328.

Example 33C N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-glutamamide

MS (ESI) m/z 476.2; MS (ESI) m/z 951.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₇H₂₉N₃O₅+H+, 476.21800; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 476.21792.

Example 33D N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-glutamamide

MS (ESI) m/z 516.2; MS (ESI) m/z 1031.4; HRMS: calcd for C₂₆H₂₄F₃N₃O₅+H+, 516.17408; found (ESI_FTMS, [M+H]¹⁺), 516.17389.

Example 34 In Vitro Fluorescence Screen for Aggrecanase-1 Inhibitors

Materials and Methods

This assay is a preliminary screen of potential aggrecanase-1 inhibitors at 11 concentrations to determine their ability to inhibit cleavage of a fluorescent peptide (Abz-TEGEARGSVI-Dap(Dnp)-KK). A GeminiXS fluorimeter (Molecular Devices) was turned on and the temperature was set to 30° C., ˜30 min before setting up the assay. The following buffers were used: 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5; 100 mM NaCl; 5 mM CaCl₂; 0.1% CHAPS; and 5% glycerol. The source of enzyme in the assay was purified recombinant human Aggrecanase-1 (rAgg1), used at 5 μg/ml (final concentration in the assay). The substrate used in the assay was the peptide (AnaSpec, MWT=1645.8, stored at 4° C.). A stock solution of peptide was prepared at 2 mg/ml in 100% DMSO. The absorbance at 354 nm (ε=18172 M⁻¹cm⁻¹) was measured to determine the exact concentration of the stock solution. The stock solution was then diluted to 62.5 μM in buffer. The unused 100% DMSO stock was stored at −80° C. The final concentration of the substrate in the assay was 25 μM. Inhibitor solutions were prepared in 100% DMSO with a 10× starting concentration, and serial dilutions were performed (in duplicate) across the dilution plate in 100% DMSO.

The assay was performed as follows: 96-well plates were set up so that the final column of wells was used for controls. The total reaction volume of each well was 100 μl. Each compound was assayed in duplicate. Buffer was added to the entire 96-well plate (30 μl/well). rAgg1 was diluted to 25 μg/ml buffer just prior to addition on the plate, and added to the wells at 20 μl/well. 10 μl/well of 10× inhibitors was added to the appropriate wells from the working plate, except for the control wells, to which are added 10 μl/well of a 10× reference control compound or 100% DMSO. The mixtures were incubated for 10-15 min at 30° C. 40 μl/well of 62.5 μM peptide substrate was then added to the appropriate wells.

Results

The reaction was monitored for 30-40 min at 30° C., with λex=340 nm and λem=420 nm. The fluorescence was linear during this time and the slope of the line (Vmax/sec) represents the initial reaction rate, ν. The maximal rate of cleavage of substrate was determined in the absence of inhibitor. The percent inhibition of activity in the presence of inhibitor was calculated as follows: % inhibition=(1−ν (Rate, RFU/sec)/Maximal Rate(RFU/sec))*100. The IC₅₀ was obtained by fitting the initial rate, ν, or % inhibition at each concentration of inhibitor to the following equation: y=(a−d)/(¹⁺C/IC₅₀)ˆn)+d. The assay results are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below.

This model describes a sigmoidal curve with an adjustable baseline, a. y is the % inhibition or initial rate of reaction, C is the concentration of inhibitor under test. A is the limiting response as C approaches zero. As C increases without bound, y tends toward its lower limit, d. y is halfway between the lower and upper asymptotes when C=IC₅₀. n is the Hill coefficient. The sign of n is positive when the response increases with increasing dose and is negative when the response decreases with increasing dose (inhibition). (See, Knight, C. G. Methods Enzymol. 1995, 248, 18-34; Knight, C. G. et al., FEBS Lett. 1992, 296, 263-266; Jin, G. et al., Anal. Biochem. 2002, 302, 269-275).

Example 35 In Vitro Fluorescence Screen for Aggrecanase-2 Inhibitors

Materials and Methods

A continuous assay was used in which the substrate is a synthetic peptide containing a fluorescent group that is quenched by energy transfer. Cleavage of the peptide by the enzyme results in a large increase in fluorescence. The initial rates of this reaction were compared to the initial rates of reactions containing inhibitors in order to assess the potency of small molecules. The source of enzyme in the assay was purified recombinant human Aggrecanase-2 prepared at Wyeth Research (Biological Chemistry, Cambridge). More specifically, the form used is denoted as Ag2t-Phe₆₂₈-Strep (MW=41,737). This form is truncated relative to the full-length enzyme and contains an affinity tag. Aliquots of this enzyme were stored at 80° C. in 25 mM Tris (pH 8.0), 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 10 μM ZnCl₂, 10% glycerol. The substrate in the assay was a synthetic peptide that is designed after a portion of brevican, one of the naturally occurring substrates of Aggrecanase-2. This peptide contains the fluorescent group 2-aminobenzoyl (Abz) that is quenched by energy transfer to a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group (Dnp). The peptide (mass=1740) is >95% pure based on HPLC analysis and has the sequence: Abz TESESRGAIY-Dap(Dnp)-KK-NH₂. Stock solutions of the substrate were prepared with MilliQ water and aliquots were stored at 80° C. The concentration of this substrate stock was spectrophotometrically determined using the extinction coefficient at 354 nm of 18,172 M⁻¹ cm⁻¹. The V_(max) and K_(m) for this enzyme/substrate reaction were determined to be insensitive to DMSO up to at least 10% (v/v). The assay buffer (pH 7.4) consisted of 50 mM Hepes, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS, 5% glycerol.

Each well of the 96-well or 384-well plates contained a reaction consisting of assay buffer, purified Agg-2 (diluted with assay buffer), and varied concentrations of inhibitor (prepared by serial dilution in DMSO in 96-well polypropylene plates). The plates were then incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. The enzymatic reactions were initiated by adding substrate to a final concentration of 25 μM and mixed by pipetting up and down. The initial rates of the cleavage reactions were determined at room temperature with a fluorescence plate reader immediately after substrate addition. The Agg-2 assays were run on a Tecan Safire with the following wavelength settings: excitation—316 nm, 12 nm bandwidth; emission—432 nm, 12 nm bandwidth.

Results

A plot of time vs. RFU, representing the progress curve of the reaction, was generated. The slope for the portion of the progress curve that is most linear was determined. This slope (RFU/min) is the initial rate of the reaction. Plots of the inhibitor concentration vs. the initial cleavage rate were fit to the following equation: y=Vmax*(1−(x^(n)/(K^(n)+x^(n)))), whereby x=inhibitor concentration, y=initial rate, Vmax=initial rate in the absence of inhibitor, n=slope factor, and K=IC₅₀ for the inhibition curve. The assay results are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below.

Example 36 In Vitro Fluorescence Assay of MMP-13 Activity

Materials and Methods

A continuous assay was used in which the substrate is a synthetic peptide containing a fluorescent group (7-methoxycoumarin; Mca), which is quenched by energy transfer to a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group. When the peptide was cleaved by MMP, a large increase in fluorescence was observed. The source of enzyme in the assay was the recombinant human catalytic domain of MMP-13 (165 amino acids, residues 104-268, 19 kDa) prepared at Wyeth-Research in Cambridge. The substrate used was the peptide Mca-PQGL-(3-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]-L-2,3-diaminopropionyl)-AR—OH. The assay buffer consisted of 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, and 0.005% Brij-35. Each well of the 96-well plates contained a 200 μL reaction mixture consisting of assay buffer, purified MMP (final concentration of 0.5 nM, prepared by diluting with the assay buffer), and varied concentrations of inhibitor (prepared by serially diluting a given inhibitor in DMSO in 96-well polypropylene plate). The plates were then incubated at 30° C. for 15 minutes. The enzymatic reactions were initiated by adding the substrate to a final concentration of 20 μM, and mixing 10 times with a pipette. The final DMSO concentration in the assay was 6.0%. The initial rate of the cleavage reaction was determined at 30° C. temperature with a fluorescence plate reader (excitation filter of 330 nm and emission filter of 395 nm) immediately after substrate addition.

Results

Plots of the inhibitor concentration vs. the percent inhibition were fit to the following equation: y=(a−d)/[¹⁺(x/c)^(b)]+d, a general sigmoidal curve with Hill slope, a to d. x is the inhibitor concentration under test. y is the percent inhibition. a is the limiting response as x approaches zero. As x increases without bound, y tends toward its limit d. c is the inflection point (IC₅₀) for the curve. That is, y is halfway between the lower and upper asymptotes when x=c. b is the slope factor or Hill coefficient. (See, Knight, C. G. et al., FEBS Lett. 1992, 296, 263-266). The assay results are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below.

Example 37 In Vitro Fluorescence Assay of MMP-14 Activity

Materials and Materials

A continuous assay was used in which the substrate is a synthetic peptide containing a fluorescent group (7-methoxycoumarin; Mca), which is quenched by energy transfer to a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group. When the peptide was cleaved by MMP, a large increase in fluorescence was observed. The source of enzyme in the assay was the recombinant human catalytic domain of MMP-14 (177 amino acids corresponding to Tyr89-Gly265 of mature human enzyme; 20 kDa; Chemicon International, Inc. (catalog number CC1041)). The substrate used was the peptide Mca-PQGL-(3-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]-L-2,3-diaminopropionyl)-AR—OH. The assay buffer consisted of 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, and 0.005% Brij-35. Each well of the 96-well plates contained a 200 μL reaction mixture consisting of assay buffer, MMP (final concentration of 25 ng/ml, prepared by diluting with the assay buffer), and varied concentrations of inhibitor (prepared by serially diluting a given inhibitor in DMSO in 96-well polypropylene plate). The plates were then incubated at 30° C. for 15 minutes. The enzymatic reactions were initiated by adding the substrate to a final concentration of 20 μM, and mixing 10 times with a pipette. The final DMSO concentration in the assay was 6.0%. The initial rate of the cleavage reaction was determined at 30° C. temperature with a fluorescence plate reader (excitation filter of 330 nm and emission filter of 395 nm) immediately after substrate addition.

Results

Plots of the inhibitor concentration vs. the percent inhibition were fit to the following equation: y=(a−d)/[¹⁺(x/c)^(b)]+d, a general sigmoidal curve with Hill slope, a to d. x is the inhibitor concentration under test. y is the percent inhibition. a is the limiting response as x approaches zero. As x increases without bound, y tends toward its limit d. c is the inflection point (IC₅₀) for the curve. That is, y is halfway between the lower and upper asymptotes when x=c. b is the slope factor or Hill coefficient. (See, Knight, C. G. et al., FEBS Lett. 1992, 296, 263-266). The assay results are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below.

Example 38 In Vitro Fluorescence Assay of MMP-2 Activity

Materials and Methods

A continuous assay was used in which the substrate is a synthetic peptide containing a fluorescent group (7-methoxycoumarin; Mca), which is quenched by energy transfer to a 2,4-dinitrophenyl group. When the peptide was cleaved by MMP, a large increase in fluorescence was observed. The source of enzyme in the assay was the recombinant human MMP-2 (66 kDa; Oncogene Research Products (catalog number PF023 from Calbiochem)). The substrate used was the peptide Mca-PQGL-(3-[2,4-dinitrophenyl]-L-2,3-diaminopropionyl)-AR—OH. The assay buffer consisted of 50 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, and 0.005% Brij-35. Each well of the 96-well plates contained a 200 μL reaction mixture consisting of assay buffer, MMP (final concentration of 25 ng/ml, prepared by diluting with the assay buffer), and varied concentrations of inhibitor (prepared by serially diluting a given inhibitor in DMSO in 96-well polypropylene plate). The plates were then incubated at 30° C. for 15 minutes. The enzymatic reactions were initiated by adding the substrate to a final concentration of 20 μM, and mixing 10 times with a pipette. The final DMSO concentration in the assay was 6.0%. The initial rate of the cleavage reaction was determined at 30° C. temperature with a fluorescence plate reader (excitation filter of 330 nm and emission filter of 395 nm) immediately after substrate addition.

Results

Plots of the inhibitor concentration vs. the percent inhibition were fit to the following equation: y=(a−d)/[¹⁺(x/c)^(b)]+d, a general sigmoidal curve with Hill slope, a to d. x is the inhibitor concentration under test. y is the percent inhibition. a is the limiting response as x approaches zero. As x increases without bound, y tends toward its limit d. c is the inflection point (IC₅₀) for the curve. That is, y is halfway between the lower and upper asymptotes when x=c. b is the slope factor or Hill coefficient. (See, Knight, C. G. et al., FEBS Lett. 1992, 296, 263-266). The assay results are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below.

Example 39 In Vitro Articular Cartilage Model for the Inhibition of Degradation of Proteoglycan by Small Molecule Compounds: Bovine Articular Cartilage Explant Cultures

This in vitro procedure was used to evaluate the effect and relative potencies of small molecule compounds to inhibit the degradation of proteoglycan in articular cartilage treated with Interleukin 1alpha (IL-1α). Treatment of articular cartilage with IL 1α induces expression of a cascade of enzymes that initiates cartilage matrix degradation. This assay was utilized to select small molecule compounds that inhibit the enzyme activity and protects cartilage matrix degradation.

Materials and Methods

Articular cartilage: bovine metacarpal joints were disinfected with 10% Wescodyne followed by 70% ethanol. 6 mm articular cartilage discs were prepared and rinsed once in PBS and medium, respectively. The discs were cultured in a stirring flask with serum-free medium for 5 days for equilibrium with one medium change. Small molecule compounds: stock solutions of test small molecule compounds (usually at 5 mg/ml) were prepared in DMSO. Working solutions were diluted with DMSO and generally ranged from 0.1 μg/ml to 10 ug/ml. The DMSO stocks were stored at 20° C. Articular cartilage explant culture medium: DMEM, 2 mM glutamax, 100 U/ml of antibiotic and antimycotic, 50 μg/ml ascorbate and 10 mM Hepes (pH-7.0). Proteoglycan content-Dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) solution: IL-16 mg DMMB, 10 ml 100% ethanol, 29.5 ml of 1 M NaOH, 3.5 ml of 98% formic acid and water to 1 L. Chondroitin sulphate sodium salt: 1.56-200 ug/ml serial dilutions.

For the explant culture, cartilage discs were cultured in serum-free medium for 48 h or more. Discs were weighed and transferred to a 96-well plate, 1 disc per-well. 0.2 ml of medium containing 5 ng/ml of IL-1 and different concentrations of compounds were added to each well, with 3 wells allocated for each treatment. The medium was collected at days 1, 2, & 3 and replaced accordingly.

For the DMMB assay, conditioned medium (CM) samples were diluted with medium. 10 ul of each standard or diluted sample was added in duplicate into a 96-well-plate and 200 μl of DMMB solution was added into each well. Absorbance at 520 nm was measured for each well. Proteoglycan contents in CM were calculated daily.

Results

The proteoglycan contents are expressed as ug per mg of cartilage. The inhibitory effect of the compounds is expressed as percentage. (See, Tortorella, M. D. et al., Science 1999, 284, 1664-1666). The assay results are shown in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below. TABLE 1 Agg 2 Agg1 IC₅₀ K_(i) IC₅₀ Example (nM) (nM) (nM) MMP-13 MMP-2 MMP-14 MMP-1 bovine bovine 8SSSS >200,000 7 150 1,800 ˜13,000 3,000 ˜13,000 >100,000 61 28 8C 110 1,200 ˜50,000 6,000 ˜25,000 >100,000 68 34 8B 460 1,900 ˜50,000 5,600 ˜25,000 >100,000 54 22 8A 150 900 ˜40,000 4,400 ˜25,000 >100,000 75 29 11 110 ˜800 ˜5,000 ˜1,000 ˜2,000 ˜2,000 78 52 12A 700 ˜5,000 ˜6,000 ˜2,000 ˜2,000 ˜2,000 41 18 12B 35000 8D 220 2,800 ˜25,000 4,400 17,000 >100,000 67 27 8E 90 746 ˜25,000 3,700 ˜25,000 >200,000 79 34 8NNNNNN ˜40,000 13B ˜50,000 8F 30 12 304 ˜22,000 5,630 ˜25,000 >200,000 81 56 17VV 7900 13A 1500 ˜67,000 >100,000 ˜67,000 >100,000 >100,000 37 18 13C 9600 13D 750 ˜26,000 >200,000 >200,000 >100,000 100,000 51 25 13E ˜25,000 13F ˜200 8G 80 614 ˜50,000 ˜50,000 ˜25,000 >100,000 76 39 8OOOOOO 670 8H 200 266 ˜50,000 3,310 ˜25,000 >100,000 85 67 8I 500 12E 1800 12C 25000 12D >100,000 8K 300 8L 55 189 ˜50,000 10,500 21,500 >100,000 87 79 8J 360 8M 120 856 ˜50,000 8,000 13,000 >100,000 85 17 8N 290 8O 75 82 1,300 31,400 5,000 ˜22,000 no inh 69 34 8P 290 8Q 11 31 400 37,300 6,100 ˜22,000 no inh 66 24 8R 16 5 50 42,400 10,400 ˜22,000 no inh 86 78 8S 150 245 1,300 >200,000 3,130 ˜25,000 no inh 51 40 8T 300 51 20 8U 200 63 26 8V 160 1,100 ˜67,000 3,430 ˜30,000 >100,000 73 45 8W 75 971 ˜22,000 ˜2,500 ˜25,000 no inh 8X 100 1,100 ˜67,000 7,000 ˜25,000 no inh 8Y 50 520 ˜67,000 5,534 ˜25,000 no inh 8Z 80 680 ˜67,000 3,820 ˜25,000 no inh 8BB 74 650 19,000 2,300 ˜25,000 no inh 8AA 370 33D <10 13.4 52 3.3 73.6 ˜1,560 33C <10 25 29 4.5 110 1,500 Control <10 2.6 32 4.7 112 1,750 (33A) 8CC 22 19 121 ˜22,000 5,655 ˜25,000 no inh 94 71 13G ˜2500 8DD 94 930 ˜22,000 4,580 16,200 no inh 89 50 14 60% @ 16,700 15A >22,000 15B 67% @ 7,500 15C 50% @ 7,500 15D 86% @ 7,500 15E 3500 33B <30 8PPPPPP >33,000 23 >6000 24A 1100 24B ˜2200 24C ˜300 20 ˜22,000 21A 2500-7500 21B ˜6700 21C no inh 21D no inh 22C >50,000 8FFF 200 1000 8GGG, 100 57 12 step D 8AAAA 100 8DDDD 110 8HHHH 200 8XX 300 8FF 26 28 86 50 17WW no inh 17XX no inh 17YY 2000 17ZZ 200 17AAA no inh 8YY 530 4500 8ZZ 210 8AAA 48 44 83 55 8EE 200 15F 600 15G 2200 15H 200 6A 150 740 >50,000 29800 >200,000 >50,000 8HH 160 8II 44 39 75 40 8QQQQQQ 690 17BBB 900 8III 120 8NNN 100 219 1750 14,000 >10,000 >50,000 >50,000 60 0 8JJJ 54 54 300 30,000 >20,000 >200,000 >200,000 74 26 8JJ 45 33 1100 17,000 27,000 >200,000 >200,000 70 17 10M 43 54 1100 ˜20,000 >20,000 >200,000 >50,000 67 35 10N 19 28 970 >50,000 7600 >200,000 >200,000 65 24 8OO <30 6 44 >50,000 >20,000 >200,000 >200,000 87 40 22A 1000 22B 200 8KK 180 8LL 55 990 24,000 50,000 200,000 200,000 40 0 10R 77 187 1900 >20,000 >20,000 >200,000 >50,000 41 0 8BBB 32 130 700 >50,000 no inh >200,000 35 0 8CCC 100 74 26 8ZZZ 100 1600 no inh 13,000 >200,000 >50,000 72 34 8KKK 120 2000 10C 240 >5000 10E 370 10F 130 >30000 10D 480 3200 10G 1000 4400 8BBBB 100 40 0 8OOO 280 1000 8LLL 230 8PPP 130 8QQQ 330 8EEE 7900 8MM 58 126 980 9 200 10A 840 2100 10J 260 10K 380 >100000 10L 130 2000 10B 150 8MMM 40 500 8RRR 82 680 10H 300 8SSS 64 470 >50,000 10300 10O 470 8UUU 61 60 660 ˜50,000 8900 >200,000 no inh 10P 700 10Q 98 3000 ˜50,000 >50,000 no inh 8PP <30 10 85 ˜50,000 6000 >66,600 >200,000 8NN <30 14 133 ˜50,000 9000 no inh >200,000 8VVV 30 38 420 ˜50,000 5600 >66,600 no inh 8TTT >10000 6C 150 8DDD 300 6B 300 8SS 100 800 ˜50,000 12400 >66,600 no inh 8TT 300 8UU 200 8WW 70 350 ˜50,000 13300 >66,600 no inh 8VV 100 1900 ˜50,000 9100 >66,600 no inh 8XXX 30 930 ˜50,000 7900 >200,000 no inh 8WWW 36 840 ˜200,000 7400 >200,000 no inh 8YYY 100 1600 >50,000 9400 >200,000 no inh 8GGGG 30 160 >50,000 18600 no inh no inh 8FFFF 3600 10I 320 8RRRRRR 3600 8KKKK <30 4 8LLLL no inh 8MMMM 47 57 8IIII <30 9 8JJJJ >50000 8NNNN 3400 8OOOO 52 60 8PPPP >50000 8QQQQ 9600 8RRRR 122 8SSSSSS 146 8TTTTTT 17300 1 900 2 111 3 12700 4 1100 5 1800 8EEEE, 400 step D 8UUUUUU 4000 26 5000 27 400 28 400 29 3000 30 500 31 1000 6D 45 6E 56 8VVVVVV 46

TABLE 2 Agg 2 Agg1 IC₅₀ IC₅₀ MMP- Example (nM) K_(i) (nM) (nM) MMP-13 MMP-2 14 MMP-1 8TTTT >17,000 >22,000 8UUUU >17,000 ˜67,000 8VVVV >17000 >67,000 8WWWW 8300 >67,000 8XXXX >50,000 >200,000 8YYYY 1500 >200,000 8ZZZZ >17000 >22,000 8AAAAA 372 410 8BBBBB >17000 20900 8CCCCC 107 11000 8DDDDD 315 1100 8EEEEE >50000 >200,000 8FFFFF 92 710 >100,000 8GGGGG >50,000 8HHHHH 357 8IIIII 813 1900 8JJJJJ 191 1100 8KKKKK >50,000 >22,000 8LLLLL >17,000 >200,000 8MMMMM 20000 ˜22,000 8NNNNN 1200 1,893 +/− 76   8OOOOO >50,000 >200,000 8PPPPP 157 2967 8QQQQQ 108 1165 8RRRRR 129 2905 8SSSSS 208 2470 8TTTTT 389 2011 8UUUUU 317 2119 8VVVVV 221 1558 8WWWWW >17,000 >67,000 8XXXXX 246 1450 8YYYYY 87 2800 ˜20,000 8ZZZZZ <30 63 >100,000 16 <30 nM 467 17A 116 1123 17B 204 1020 18D 4400 >22,000 17C <30 nM 80 17D >17,000 nM >200,000 17E 251 1040 12F ˜3,000 nM 3,000-8,000 17F 1700 ˜8,300 17G 1600 3,000-8,000 17H 1000 ˜22,000 8AAAAAA 534 1759 — 17I <30 217 +/− 8  ˜100,000 17J ˜5,600 ˜30,000 — 17K 1200 ˜3,700 — 17L 133 226 — 18E 2200 >11,000 — 17M ˜310 >11,000 — 17N 40 42 11,200 +/− 1,200 8MMMMMM 550 5100 — 8BBBBBB 470 2671 — 18F >67,000 >67,000 — 17O 8500 ˜22,000 — 17P 126 58 — 17Q ˜13,000 >30,000 — 17R 73 142 6,000 +/− 400 18 49 50 ˜1,600 nM 19A 930 1020 19B 3200 590 8CCCCCC 2400 >22000 17S 4600 10100 17T 3200 7200 17U 1800 ˜6700 19C 140 +/− 20 75 17V 90 1800 17W >25,000 ˜67000 17X 2000 ˜22000 8DDDDDD 2400 >22000 17Y <30 156 19D 210 223 19E 49 1120 17Z 170 3140 17AA 3500 5700 17BB 3600 2900 17CC 2900 2970 17DD <30 nM 1190 17EE <30 nM 194 17FF 690 13900 17GG 34 113 17HH 2200 6320 17II ˜1000-3000 ˜10,000 I7JJ 2400 19454 15I 430 1593 15J 510 ˜3,125 12G >25000 11700 12H 1200 1635 12I >25000 >20,000 17KK >25000 >67,000 19F 68 163 17LL 87 1193 17MM 46 2707 19G 270 146 19H 69 158 18G ˜8300 17NN 200 729 8EEEEEE 5000 17OO <30 1677 8FFFFFF 3900 18131 8GGGGGG 4200 8HHHHHH 38 46 8IIIIII 2900 11908 8JJJJJJ 300 943 8KKKKKK 350 1674 17QQ >25,000 ˜22000 12J ˜8,000 ˜22000 12K ˜25,000 >22000 12L ˜22,000 >22000 17RR <30 26 17SS 450 3959 17TT 120 173 8LLLLLL >25000 >100000 15Y 220 841 15Z 1400 6036 15AA 44 327 15BB 53 527 17UU <30 39

TABLE 3 Agg1 K_(i) Agg 2 K_(i) IC₅₀ Agg1 IC₅₀ Agg2 MMP- MMP- MMP- Example (nM) (nM) (nM) (nM) 13 MMP-2 14 MMP-8 12 8WWWWWW <03 7.1 50 72 2600 1000 5800 8XXXXXX <30 <3 20 60 7500 4100 1600 8YYYYYY <30 13.5 30 160 4700 737 365 8ZZZZZZ <30 120 8AAAAAAA 80 550 8BBBBBBB 110 1000 8CCCCCCC 50 680 8DDDDDDD <30 220 8EEEEEEE 37 510 8FFFFFFF 200 4200 8GGGGGGG 60 160 8HHHHHHH 50 180 8IIIIIII <30 42 8JJJJJJJ <30 53 8KKKKKKK <30 <30 8LLLLLLL 228 3380 8MMMMMMM 198 614 8NNNNNNN <30 <3 <30 37 2150 1210 680 8OOOOOOO <30 100-400 8PPPPPPP 3116 48% 16700 8QQQQQQQ NT NT 8RRRRRRR 70-210 48% 1200 8SSSSSSS 57 22 230 356 8TTTTTTT 707 20% 11000 8UUUUUUU <30 <3 60 60 5180 2030 410 8VVVVVVV <30 7 51% 140 305 570 410 770 8WWWWWWW <30 <3 50 42 1080 370 630 8XXXXXXX <30 4.5 20-70 56 8YYYYYYY <30 27 200-600 197 8ZZZZZZZ <30 12.7 200-600 290 8AAAAAAAA <30 86  600-1800 1147 8BBBBBBBB 300 200-600 8CCCCCCCC 140 5200 8DDDDDDDD 50 1000 8EEEEEEEE <30 3.8  60-200 79 8FFFFFFFF <30 200 8GGGGGGGG 40 3400 8HHHHHHHH 60 3000 8IIIIIIII 65%  90-270 200 8JJJJJJJJ <30  800-2500 8KKKKKKKK 70 270-800 8LLLLLLLL <30 <3  60-200 156 8MMMMMMMM <30 <3  60-200 38 8NNNNNNNN <30 <3  70-200 151 8OOOOOOOO <30 200-600 8PPPPPPPP <30 200-600 8QQQQQQQQ <30 3300 8RRRRRRRR 57% 70 7200 8SSSSSSSS <30 5.4  70-200 51 8TTTTTTTT 20-70 37.6 100-300 359 8UUUUUUUU 100 700 8VVVVVVVV 60% 50% 16700 50000 8WWWWWWWW 20-70 40.6 100-300 526 8XXXXXXXX 100 1700 8YYYYYYYY <30 6.2 100-300 143 8ZZZZZZZZ 20-70 9900 8AAAAAAAAA <30 6.7 98 45 8BBBBBBBBB <30 11.5 100-300 681 8CCCCCCCCC <30 900 8DDDDDDDDD 2400 50% 7400 8EEEEEEEEE 1200 50% 2500 8FFFFFFFFF 270 62% 25000 8GGGGGGGGG 30% 28% 8300 25000 8HHHHHHHHH <30 500 8IIIIIIIII 300-900 5% 2500 8JJJJJJJJJ 25% 10% 25000 25000 8KKKKKKKKK 16% 10% 25000 25000 8LLLLLLLLL <30 >300 8MMMMMMMMM <30 <3  30-100 87 8NNNNNNNNN <30 8.3  30-100 69 8OOOOOOOOO <30 2.7 ˜30 66 718 349 372 8PPPPPPPPP <30 11.5  30-300 126 7240 2550 2890 8QQQQQQQQQ >900 >8300 8RRRRRRRRR >8300 100000 8SSSSSSSSS <30 8.8 200 157 8TTTTTTTTT <30 6.7 59 54 8UUUUUUUUU <30 6.9 83 75 8VVVVVVVVV <30 4.5 77 81 8WWWWWWWWW >25000 >100000 8XXXXXXXXX <30 18.2 25 71.6 2610 1790 597 8YYYYYYYYY <30 39.6 250 349 25500 13200 3710 8ZZZZZZZZZ <30 4.7 30-90 123 8280 2440 2860 8AAAAAAAAAA <30 28.9 100-300 204 6970 2230 2240 8BBBBBBBBBB 22000 >200000 8CCCCCCCCCC 1040 7400 8DDDDDDDDDD <30 27.2 90 218 4000 763 628 8EEEEEEEEEE <30 23.2 80 180 6400 2500 1070 8FFFFFFFFFF >400 >2700 8GGGGGGGGGG <30 42 >300 723 1300 >5000 >10,000 8HHHHHHHHHH <30 11.7 >100 405 8000 3400 >10,000 8IIIIIIIIII 15O 52 3132 15P <30 255 15K <30 379 15L 47 413 15M <30 789 15N 91 103 15U 53% 600 100 15V 47% 40 700 15Q 158 1939 15R 560 48% 11000 15S 30% 41% 1850 33000 15U 53% 30% 1000 11000 15W 56% 59% 1900 11000 15X 46% 52% 1900 11000

Example 40 Aggrecanase Inhibitors in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage Explant Studies and Effect on Aggrecan Metabolism in Human Osteoarthritic Cartilage

The loss of cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with increased loss of type II collagen by collagenases and aggrecan loss by aggrecanases. Depletion of aggrecan is one of the earliest changes observed in osteoarthritis (Lohmander, L S et al., Arthritis & Rheum 1993, 36, 1214-1222). Aggrecan is a chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate-bearing proteoglycan. Aggrecanase 1 and Aggrecanase 2 cleave aggrecan within the interglobular domain at the aggrecanase site between residues Glu³⁷³ and Ala³⁷⁴ (Sandy, J D et al., J Clin Invest. 1992, 89, 1512-1516). Aggrecan cleavage by aggrecanase results in the release of a large sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG)-containing aggrecan fragments which diffuse out of the cartilage matrix. Neoepitope antibodies have been generated to recognize these aggrecanase generated aggrecan fragments (Hughes, C E et al., Biochem J. 1995, 305, 799-804). Aggrecan fragments in inflammatory and OA synovial fluid have been reported as being generated by cleavage at the aggrecanase site (Malfait, A-M et al., J Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 22201-22208). Inhibiting aggrecanase activity is an attractive therapeutic target for OA. In this example, we investigated the effects of a selective aggrecanase inhibitor on the fate of existing and newly synthesized aggrecan in human OA cartilage.

Materials and Methods

Human OA Cartilage Explant Culture: Discarded tissues from consented knee replacement patients were obtained from New England Baptist Hospital (Brookline, Mass.) in sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) after about 2-4 hrs post surgery. Cartilage slices were harvested from the knee specimens and washed several times in PBS. These cartilage slices were cut into appropriate pieces (6-8 mm) and rinsed in PBS and then in media and further cultured for additional days as cartilage explants. The medium consisted of Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, JRH Biosciences, Lenexa, Kans.), 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid (Wako, Osaka, Japan), 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.0 (Mediatech, Herndon, Va.), 2 mM L-glutamine (Mediatech), 100 U/ml antibiotic-antimycotic solution (Mediatech).

Test compounds: The test compounds are described in Examples 8OO, 8NNNNNNN, and 8WWWWWWW. Stock solutions of the compounds were prepared at 1 mg/ml in DMSO, aliquoted and stored at −20° C. Working solutions of the compounds were made in DMSO and added to the culture for efficacy studies.

Efficacy study: Cartilage explants were cultured for 2-3 days in DMEM medium in a 37° C. and 5% CO₂ environment to equilibrate the tissue. Explants were weighed (˜250 mg) and placed in wells of a 24-well culture dish in 1 ml of medium and 3 replicates per treatment group. For the efficacy study, cartilage explants were cultured for 6 days in the presence or absence of various concentrations of the test compound. The media was replaced on day 3 and the experiment was terminated on day 6. Total aggrecan content of conditioned media was measured by a colorimetric assay with DMMB (Farndale, R W et al., Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986, 883, 173-177).

Cartilage aggrecan metabolism study: Cartilage metabolism study was performed with test compound 8OO. Cartilage explants immediately after harvest were cultured in the presence or absence of test compound 8OO. On day 3, media was collected and replaced with media, test compound and labeled sulfate (³⁵SO₄, 5 mCi, Perkin Elmer, Boston, Mass.). On day 6, media was collected, explants washed and replaced with media and test compound 8OO. On Day 9, media was collected, explants washed and the remaining tissue was digested with Proteinase K (Sigma). Samples were separated on NAP10 columns (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden) to separate free label and newly synthesized labeled aggrecan. Labeled aggrecan molecules were counted using Opti-Fluor (Perkin Elmer) and a liquid scintillation-measuring instrument (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif.). The percentage of newly synthesized aggrecan in cartilage and media was estimated.

Western analysis: Aggrecan fragments in conditioned medium were analyzed by western analysis using neoepitope antibody, BC-3 designed to recognize the Aggrecanase-generated N-terminal interglobular neoepitope ³⁷⁴ARGS. Equal cartilage weight equivalent conditioned media from each replicate well per treatment group was pooled and digested with Chondroitinase ABC (Sigma, St Louis, Mo.), Keratinase I (Seikagaku America, Falmouth, Mass.) and Keratinase II (Seikagaku America, Falmouth, Mass.) for 2 h at 37° C. Samples were concentrated by YM-10 centrifugal filter device (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), lyophilized and reconstituted with equal volume of water. Samples were separated under reducing conditions on 4-12% gradient Tris-glycine gels (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.). Proteins from the gels were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Immunoblots were probed using Mab BC-3 (Abcam, Cambridge, Mass.). Incubation with primary and alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated secondary goat anti-mouse IgG (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.) was performed overnight at 4° C. and at room temperature for 1 h, respectively. The immunoblots were incubated with NBT/BCIP substrate (Promega Corp., Madison, Wis.) at room temperature to achieve optimum color development. The aggrecan fragments containing the ARGS neoepitope were quantitated by densitometry analysis and the percentage inhibition of aggrecan degradation by test compounds was determined.

Results

Efficacy of test compounds 8OO, 8NNNNNNN, and 8WWWWWWW: Information on human donors including age and sex are shown in Table 4b, 5b, and 6b. Cartilage from all the donors when placed in culture exhibited Aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan cleavage and when treated with test compounds showed dose dependent inhibition of Aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan cleavage. Results of the inhibition of aggrecanase activity in terms of inhibition of aggrecanase generated aggrecan fragments by test compounds are shown in Table 4a, 5a, and 6a. Based on these results, EC₅₀ of test compound 800 was determined to be about 150 ng/ml (FIG. 1), EC₅₀ for test compound 8WWWWWWW was around 40-160 ng/ml; and EC50 for test compound 8NNNNNNN was less than 40 ng/ml. However, test compound 8WWWWWWW and test compound 8NNNNNNN were tested in only 8 and 4 donors, respectively. Test compound 8OO was tested in a total of 15 donors.

Effect of test compound 8OO on Aggrecan Metabolism: Articular cartilage from 3 human OA donors was analyzed for the effect of test compound 8OO on newly synthesized aggrecan. Cartilage from all 3 donors showed the ability to synthesize new aggrecan molecules that was either in the cartilage matrix or released into conditioned medium. Cartilage from all 3 donors when treated with compound 8OO showed dose dependent increase in newly synthesized aggrecan content of the cartilage matrix and an equivalent decrease in aggrecan released into the medium (FIG. 2).

Aggrecanase activity is a characteristic of human osteoarthritis throughout the disease process. Analysis of aggrecan released from human osteoarthritic articular cartilage revealed significant ongoing degradation of aggrecan by Aggrecanases in human donors tested. Inhibition of Aggrecanase activity by Aggrecanase selective inhibitors reduced release of aggrecan degradation products from the articular cartilage matrix.

Since newly synthesized aggrecan appeared to be susceptible to degradation by Aggrecanases, selective Aggrecanase inhibition resulted in a net increase in aggrecan incorporation into the cartilage matrix. These results indicate that inhibition of Aggrecanases will reduce aggrecan degradation in human osteoarthritic articular cartilage throughout the disease process, and also result in a net increase in extracellular matrix aggrecan. TABLE 4 A) Efficacy of test compound 8OO in human explant studies Compound 8OO (BC3 analysis) Conc. of compound Average of 15 donors (ug/ml) % inhibition SDM 0.02 8.52 0.04 26.16 5.33 0.08 42.93 7.86 0.15 49.03 7.87 0.3  56.40 5.95 0.6  73.92 5.24 1.25 83.36 5.59 2.5  100.94 4.12 5   98.88 1.32 10    101.60 0.99 ˜EC50 = 150 ng/ml B) Human donor information for test compound 8OO studies Compound 8OO (Donor info) Sex Age F 65 M 83 M 70 F 56 F 76 M 53 F 77 F 74 F 75 M 79 M 61 F 57 M 72 M 70 M 62

TABLE 5 A) Efficacy of test compound 8WWWWWWW in human explant studies Compound 8WWWWWWW (BC3 analysis) Conc. of compound Average of 8 donors (ug/ml) % inhibition SDM 0.01 2.85 2.85 0.02 46.39 15.95 0.04 23.50 10.57 0.08 76.91 5.99 0.15 88.47 3.25 0.3  95.03 1.70 0.6  98.03 0.90 1.25 100.30 0.55 ˜EC50 = 40-160 ng/ml B) Human donor information for test compound 8WWWWWWW studies Test compound (Donor info) Sex Age F 69 F 69 F 63 M 60 M 57 F 72 F 65 F 75

TABLE 6 A) Efficacy of test compound 8NNNNNNN in human explant studies Test compound 8NNNNNNN (BC3 analysis) Conc. of compound Average of 4 donors (ug/ml) % inhibition SDM 0.04 70.22 0.08 84.46 0.15 66.74 10.97 0.3  73.14 19.73 0.6  98.93 0.92 1.25 99.43 1.44 2.5  98.66 2.20 5   100.21 1.15 10    101.15 0.42 ˜EC50 = less than 40 ng/ml B) Human donor information for test compound 8NNNNNNN studies Test compound (Donor info) Sex Age M 63 F 68 F 72 F 60

While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention. 

1. A compound of the formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein W is —C(O)—, —OC(O)—, —NHC(O)—, —C(O)O—, or —C(O)NH—; R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁ is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₃ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —CONHOH, —CONHSO₂R₇, tetrazole, —SO₂NHR₇, —SO₃H, —PO(OH)NH₂, —PO(OH)OR₇, —CONHR₇, —COOR₇, an acid mimetic group, or a 5 or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl containing 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from O, N, S; R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀; R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R₉ and R₁₀ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-OH, (C₁-C₆) alkyl-O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₉ and R₁₀ together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; m is 0-4; n is 0-4; and p is 0-2.
 2. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein W is —CO.
 3. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R₃ is —CO₂H.
 4. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is bicyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆, wherein R₅ and R₆ are defined as in claim
 1. 5. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is tricyclic aryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆, wherein R₅ and R₆ are defined as in claim
 1. 6. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R₁ is biphenyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆, wherein R₅ and R₆ are defined as in claim
 1. 7. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein m is 0 and p is
 2. 8. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ is —CO₂H, —CONH₂, —(CH₂)_(n)OR₇, or —CONR₉R₁₀, wherein R₇, R₉, R₁₀, and n are defined as in claim
 1. 9. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R₃ is


10. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein R₅ is

and X′ is O, S, or NH.
 11. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein W is —CO, R₂ is hydrogen, R₃ is —CO₂H, R₁ is biphenyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆, R₄ is —CONR₉R₁₀, m is 0, p is 2, and R₅, R₆, R₉, and R₁₀ are defined as in claim
 1. 12. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein the compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound is the S-enantiomer with respect to the carbon to which R₄ is bound.
 13. The compound of claim 1 of the formula (Ia):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁, R₂, and R₄ are defined as in claim
 1. 14. The compound of claim 1 of the formula (Ib):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X, Y, and Z are each independently (CH₂)_(n), O, S, NR₇, CO, or SO₂; or X, Y, and Z form a benzene in ring B; ring A and ring B are each independently optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆; and R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and n are defined as in claim
 1. 15. The compound of claim 1 of the formula (Ic):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X, Y, and Z are each independently (CH₂)_(n), O, S, NR₇, CO, or SO₂; or X, Y, and Z form a benzene in ring B; ring A, ring B, and ring C are each independently optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆; and R₂, R₄, R₅, R₆, R₇, and n are defined as in claim
 1. 16. The compound of claim 1 of the formula (Id):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein ring A and ring B are each independently optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ and R₆; and R₂, R₄, R₅, and R₆ are defined as in claim
 1. 17. The compound of claim 16 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₂ is hydrogen, R₄ is

 and R₁₂ is —F.
 18. The compound of claim 15 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of X, Y, and Z is independently (CH₂)_(n), with n=1 for one of X, Y, and Z and n=0 for the other of X, Y, and Z; R₂ is hydrogen; R₄ is

 and each R₁₂ is —OCH₃.
 19. The compound of claim 15 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein each of X, Y, and Z is independently (CH₂)_(n), with n=1 for one of X, Y, and Z, and n=0 for the other of X, Y, and Z; R₂ is hydrogen; and R₄ is


20. A compound of the formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁ is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(p)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; n is 0-4, and p is 0-2.
 21. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is N²-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid, N¹-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-butyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclopropyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclohexyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N-2-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethynyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-cyclooctyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-4-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2′,6′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-cyclopentyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-[2-(acetylamino)ethyl]-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-2-adamantyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(2-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-pyridin-3-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxyethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-naphthylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-furylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(methylthio)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(4-phenoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N-4-[3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamamide, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-vinyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-ethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-propoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(4′-butoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclobutylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(cyclohexylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(allyloxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-4-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4-dimethylbenzyl)-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamamide, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylacetyl)-N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3-fluorophenyl)acetyl]-N-4-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(4-fluorobenzoyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N¹-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3-ethoxyphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[5-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-2-furoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(2,2′-bifuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(5-thien-2-yl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2,2′-dimethyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(4-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(3-aminobenzyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(3-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-3-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(3-thien-2-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3-chloro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(3-fluoro-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[(2,6-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(2-fluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(2-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(2-naphthylmethoxy)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(4-phenylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(2-benzylphenyl)-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methoxy-1,1′-biphenyl-3-yl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-heptyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-(3-thien-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-benzyl-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-iodobenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-vinylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(sec-butyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(cyclopropylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[4-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N⁴-(2-biphenyl-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4-(2-thienyl)phenyl]ethyl}L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[3-(dimethylamino)benzyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,3-dimethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-isopropyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹,N¹-diethyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4′-formylbiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-formylbiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{2-[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]ethyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-bromophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-pentyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-pyridin-4-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(tert-butyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-{[4′-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-3-yl]methyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2,2-dimethylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(4′-ethynylbiphenyl-3-yl)methyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-pyridin-2-ylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(5-hydroxypentyl)-L-α-glutamine, 3-[(biphenyl-4-ylmethyl)amino]-3-oxopropanoic acid, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-propyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(3-pyridin-2-ylphenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-2-naphthoyl-N-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-hexyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-hexyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-hexyl-N²-(4-phenoxybenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-hexyl-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-phenoxy benzoyl)-N¹-(3-phenylpropyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid, N-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-glutamic acid, N-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-D-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(4-hydroxybutyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-[4-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, (4S)-4-[(1,1′-biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)amino]-5-hydroxypentanoic acid, N-({4′-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid, N-[(4′-{[(3-methyl-1-benzofuran-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-glutamic acid, N-{[4′-(2-furoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid, N-{[4′-(acetylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid, N-{[4′-(benzoylamino)-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-glutamic acid, N-({4′-[(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]-1,1′-biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-glutamic acid, N¹-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(4-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-1-adamantyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-4-propyl-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N-2-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-benzyl-N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-9-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-N²-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1S)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1S)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, tert-butyl N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(1-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutaminate, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-1-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N¹-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-N²-[(9-oxo-9H-fluoren-2-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-9H-fluoren-9-yl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, 4′-{[((1S)-3-carboxy-1-{[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)amino]carbonyl}propyl)amino]carbonyl}biphenyl-3-carboxylic acid, N²-[(4′-ethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-[4-(2-naphthyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(3′,4′,5′-trimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(2′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N²-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[(1S)-1-benzyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(2′,4′-dimethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-sec-butylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-[(4′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N²-({3′-[(dimethylamino)carbonyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N-2-[(3′,5′-dimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-N-(2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethylbenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]oxy}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N-2-[4-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)-N-2-[4-(1H-indol-5-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-isopropylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-fluoro-4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(4′-isobutylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{[3′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3-fluorobenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(benzyloxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N-2-[4-(phenylethynyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(9-hydroxy-9H-fluoren-9-yl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(1E)-3-oxo-3-phenylprop-1-en-1-yl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-N²-[(2′,4′,6′-trimethylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-ethoxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-butyl-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(4′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-butyl-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-methyl-L-α-glutamine, N²-(9H-fluoren-2-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(2R)-2-phenylpropyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[(2R)-2-phenylpropyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-{4-[(3-aminophenyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-N-benzyl-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-[4-(3-hydroxy-3,3-diphenylprop-1-yn-1-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{4-[(3-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzoyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-methylbiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-glutamamide, N²-({4′-[(3-tert-butylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-di-tert-butylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-ethylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-({4′-[(3-methoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-hydroxybiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4ylcarbonyl)-N¹-[2-(4-fluoropenyl)-1,2-dimethylethyl]-N⁵-hydroxy-L-glutamanide, N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,6′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(2′,3′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-(4-pyrimidin-5-ylbenzoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′,5′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3′,4′-difluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(biphenyl-4-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2-furyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[4′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[3′-(hydroxymethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-chloro-4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[3′-(bromomethyl)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(3-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-methyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[6-(3-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-pyridin-4-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-6-yl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[4-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(5-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(5-pyridin-4-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(5-pyridin-3-yl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(2,2′-bithien-5-ylcarbonyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(5-formyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-acetyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[4-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzoyl]L-α-glutamine, N-(1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-(5-phenyl-2-furoyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N-2-[4-(5-formyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-acetyl-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[3-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-bromo-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-[3-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[3-(2-thienyl)benzoyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-[(3-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-chlorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-N²-{[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3-phenyl-2-thienyl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-(4-bromobenzoyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(4′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-N²-[(3′-fluorobiphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[4-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)benzoyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-D-α-glutamine, N²-{[6-(5-chloro-2-thienyl)pyridin-3-yl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[5-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-2-thienyl]carbonyl}-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(4′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-phenylethyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-{[3′-(benzyloxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3-methoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)oxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylethyl]-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-3-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-3-yl)methoxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({4′-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-[(3′-{[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl}biphenyl-4-yl)carbonyl]-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N²-({3′-[(3-ethylphenoxy)methyl]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-N-(3-methylbenzyl)-L-α-glutamine, N-benzyl-N²-{[4′-(biphenyl-2-ylmethoxy)biphenyl-4-yl]carbonyl}-L-α-glutamine, or N-benzyl-N²-({4′-[(3′-methoxybiphenyl-2-yl)methoxy]biphenyl-4-yl}carbonyl)-L-α-glutamine.
 22. A method of modulating the activity of a metalloproteinase in an animal in need thereof comprising contacting the metalloproteinase with an effective amount of a compound of claim
 1. 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the metalloproteinase is a matrix metalloproteinase or an aggrecanase.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the aggrecanase is aggrecanase-1 or aggrecanase-2.
 25. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 26. The composition of claim 25, wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is suitable for oral administration and the composition comprises an oral dosage form.
 27. A method for treating a metalloproteinase-related disorder, in an animal in need thereof, which comprises, administering an effective dose of the compound of claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or hydrate thereof.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein the metalloproteinase is a matrix metalloproteinase or an aggrecanase.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the aggrecanase is aggrecanase-1 or aggrecanase-2.
 30. The method of claim 27, wherein the metalloproteinase-related disorder is selected from the group consisting of arthritic disorders, osteoarthritis, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration, myocardial infarction, corneal ulceration and other ocular surface diseases, hepatitis, aortic aneurysms, tendonitis, central nervous system diseases, abnormal wound healing, angiogenesis, restenosis, cirrhosis, multiple sclerosis, glomerulonephritis, graft versus host disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, shock, invertebral disc degeneration, stroke, osteopenia, and periodontal diseases.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the metalloproteinase-related disorder is osteoarthritis.
 32. A method of synthesizing a compound comprising: a) treating a compound of the formula (III):

wherein R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁ is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₆ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; and n is 0-4; with an amine, under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (IV):

wherein R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₁₄ and R₁₅ together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; and R₁₂ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; linear or branched or cyclic (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, or —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl; heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl, each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; and b) treating the compound of the formula (IV) under conditions effective for hydrolysis of the alkyl ester, thereby providing a compound having the formula (II):


33. A method of synthesizing a compound comprising: a) treating a compound of the formula (V):

wherein PG₁ is an amine protecting group and PG₂ is a carboxylic acid protecting group; R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; and n is 0-4; with an amine, under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (VI):

wherein R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₁₄ and R₁₅ together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R₁₂ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; and R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; b) hydrolyzing the amine protecting group of a compound of the formula (VI), under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (VII):

c) treating the compound of the formula (VII) with a carboxylic acid, under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (VIII):

wherein R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁ is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; and R₆ is hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; and d) treating the compound of the formula (VIII) under conditions effective for hydrolysis of the protected carboxylic acid, thereby providing a compound having the formula (II):


34. A compound of the formula (II):

prepared by the method comprising: a) treating a compound of the formula (III):

with an amine, under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (IV):

b) treating the compound of the formula (IV) under conditions effective for hydrolysis of the alkyl ester, thereby providing a compound having the formula (II); wherein R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁ is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₁₄ and R₁₅ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; and n is 0-4.
 35. A compound of the formula (II):

prepared by the method comprising: a) treating a compound of the formula (V):

with an amine, under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (VI):

b) hydrolyzing the amine protecting group of a compound of the formula (VI), under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (VII):

c) treating the compound of the formula (VII) with a carboxylic acid, under conditions effective to provide a compound having the formula (VIII):

d) treating the compound of the formula (VIII) under conditions effective for hydrolysis of the protected carboxylic acid, thereby providing a compound having the formula (II); wherein PG₁ is an amine protecting group and PG₂ is a carboxylic acid protecting group; R₁ is phenyl, heteroaryl, biphenyl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl, each optionally substituted with one or more of R₅ or R₆, and when R₁ is substituted with more than one of R₅ or R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₂ is hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, —(CH₂)_(n)R₁₁, —OH, or —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl; R₅ is aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, —S-heteroaryl, —NH-aryl, —NH-heteroaryl, —CO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO-aryl, —CO-heteroaryl, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂NH-aryl, —SO₂NH-heteroaryl, —NHSO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHSO₂-aryl, —NHSO₂-heteroaryl, —NHCO-aryl, —NHCO-heteroaryl, —CONH-aryl, —CONH-heteroaryl, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, or —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more of R₆, and when R₅ is substituted with more than one R₆, the substituents can be identical or different; R₆ and R₁₂ are each independently hydrogen, halogen, —CN, —OCF₃, —CF₃, —NO₂, —OH, —SH, —NR₇R₈, —CONR₇R₈, —NR₈COR₇, —NR₈CO₂R₇, —CO₂R₇, —COR₇, —SO₂—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —SO₂-aryl, —SO₂-heteroaryl, —SO₂R₇, —NR₇SO₂R₈, —SO₂NR₇R₈; (C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —S—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —NHCO—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CONH—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —O—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —S—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —NHCO—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —CONH—(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, —(C₁-C₆) alkyl-OR₇, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl-(C₃-C₆) cycloalkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl substituted with aryl, aryl, heteroaryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl, —O-aryl, —O-heteroaryl, —S-aryl, or —S-heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, or alkynyl optionally substituted with one or more of R₁₃; R₇ and R₈ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; or R₇ and R₈ together with the atom to which they are attached may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; R₁₁ is aryl, heteroaryl, or cycloalkyl; R₁₃ is halogen, —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —CO₂H, —OH, —CF₃, hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl substituted with —OH, aryl substituted with —NH₂, aryl substituted with —O—(C₁-C₆) alkyl, —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, or —(CH₂)_(n)-heteroaryl; R₁₄ and R₁₅ are each independently hydrogen, (C₁-C₆) alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C₂-C₆) alkenyl, (C₂-C₆) alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl —(CH₂)_(n)-aryl, bicyclic aryl, tricyclic aryl, bicyclic heteroaryl, or tricyclic heteroaryl; each alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl optionally substituted with one or more R₁₂; or R₁₄ and R₁₅ together may form a five- to seven-membered cyclic group containing up to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S; and n is 0-4. 